Social Evils In Robert Steinbecks The Grapes Of Wrath

In the introduction to the Penguin edition of The Grapes of Wrath, Robert DeMott writes that the novel is one of a few select American novels that â€Å"humanize America’s downtrodden by exposing social ills† (x). This is true in The Grapes of Wrath because, when faced with the various social ills and unequal treatment that were amplified during the Great Depression, migrants react in a very human way: with intense anger. Inequality towards migrants is shown through government abuse, unfair treatment by employers, and police brutality, which ultimately provoke civil unrest. The first social ill that exposes the state of inequality is government neglect. To start, migrants in California can not receive aid until they have been residents for†¦show more content†¦Civil unrest only draws attention to these plights. The second social ill that exposes the state of inequality in the novel is the unfair treatment of migrants by employers. Thousands of migrant families journey to California attracted by handbills promising work with decent pay, for instance â€Å"‘Pea Pickers Wanted in California. Good Wages All Season. 800 Pickers Wanted’† (Steinbeck 99). However, these handbills merely advertise empty promises. In reality, greedy farm owners constantly manipulate the enormous migrant workforce for their own economic gain â€Å"‘You can print a hell of a lot of han’bills with what ya save payin’ fifteen cents an hour for fiel’ work’† (Steinbeck 270). This manipulation is based around a vicious cycle, where one family is always poorer, hungrier, and more willing to accept substandard wages than the next. Unfair treatment by employers is an example of inequality because migrants are treated less than human, evidenced by the poor living conditions in employee housing â€Å"The floor was splashed with grease. In the one room stood a rusty tin stove and nothing more,† and long hours â€Å"‘Work till dark, long as you can see’† (Steinbeck 408, 411). Ultimately, the rampant mistreatment of migrant workers will result in civil unrest, which will further damage the cohesiveness of society as a result of the deep social and economic divisions between theShow MoreRelated Censorship - A Clash of Wills and Morals Essay4147 Words   |  17 Pageshave provoked, challenged, and provided new insight. The reason a book is banned and the reason a book is lauded are inextricably linked. Controversial works are usually challenged on the basis of religious, sexual, political, and social issues. However, it is interesting to note that most works are actually censored not for the four reasons above, but for the ambiguous charge of â€Å"obscenity.† In Lee Burress’s chart listing the most common reasons for book censorship, theRead MoreHumans: The Worlds Most Social Animal Essay1993 Words   |  8 Pagesmuch, who those people are is often subject to change. The Grapes of Wrath, The Great Gatsby, and The Hunger Games, all show a society in which the social hierarchy is headed to, or is in fluxuation, and that holds true with any society. The Great Gatsby gives a clear and concise example of the separation of classes in America, which has not changed much since the 1920’s. Jay Gatsby is a prime example of the fluctuation in the social hierarchy. He’s the poor nobody who found his way to the topRead MoreUneven Distribution of Life in America2501 Words   |  10 Pagesrecent years, the issue of this uneven distribution of wealth in America has come to the forefront. President Obama even dedicated part of his last State of the Union address to this problem. Statistics revealing the distribution of wealth to each social class is easily obtainable for the general public. But, the uneven distribution of wealth is not a problem that developed overnight. The gap in wealth between the rich and the poor has been growing for decades. Uneven wealth distribution became anRead MoreThe Sonnet Form: William Shakespeare6305 Words   |  26 Pagesfrom sin to holiness. Anecdote: The brief narration of a single event or incident. Aphorism: A concise expression of insight or wisdom: â€Å"The vanity of others offends our taste only when it offends our vanity† (Friedrich Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil). Autobiography: The nonfictional story of a person’s life, told by that person. St. Augustine’s Confessions is an early, canonical work in this genre (see also memoir,below). Ballad: Traditionally, a folk song telling a story or legend in simple

Social Evils In Robert Steinbecks The Grapes Of Wrath

In the introduction to the Penguin edition of The Grapes of Wrath, Robert DeMott writes that the novel is one of a few select American novels that â€Å"humanize America’s downtrodden by exposing social ills† (x). This is true in The Grapes of Wrath because, when faced with the various social ills and unequal treatment that were amplified during the Great Depression, migrants react in a very human way: with intense anger. Inequality towards migrants is shown through government abuse, unfair treatment by employers, and police brutality, which ultimately provoke civil unrest. The first social ill that exposes the state of inequality is government neglect. To start, migrants in California can not receive aid until they have been residents for†¦show more content†¦Civil unrest only draws attention to these plights. The second social ill that exposes the state of inequality in the novel is the unfair treatment of migrants by employers. Thousands of migrant families journey to California attracted by handbills promising work with decent pay, for instance â€Å"‘Pea Pickers Wanted in California. Good Wages All Season. 800 Pickers Wanted’† (Steinbeck 99). However, these handbills merely advertise empty promises. In reality, greedy farm owners constantly manipulate the enormous migrant workforce for their own economic gain â€Å"‘You can print a hell of a lot of han’bills with what ya save payin’ fifteen cents an hour for fiel’ work’† (Steinbeck 270). This manipulation is based around a vicious cycle, where one family is always poorer, hungrier, and more willing to accept substandard wages than the next. Unfair treatment by employers is an example of inequality because migrants are treated less than human, evidenced by the poor living conditions in employee housing â€Å"The floor was splashed with grease. In the one room stood a rusty tin stove and nothing more,† and long hours â€Å"‘Work till dark, long as you can see’† (Steinbeck 408, 411). Ultimately, the rampant mistreatment of migrant workers will result in civil unrest, which will further damage the cohesiveness of society as a result of the deep social and economic divisions between theShow MoreRelated Censorship - A Clash of Wills and Morals Essay4147 Words   |  17 Pageshave provoked, challenged, and provided new insight. The reason a book is banned and the reason a book is lauded are inextricably linked. Controversial works are usually challenged on the basis of religious, sexual, political, and social issues. However, it is interesting to note that most works are actually censored not for the four reasons above, but for the ambiguous charge of â€Å"obscenity.† In Lee Burress’s chart listing the most common reasons for book censorship, theRead MoreHumans: The Worlds Most Social Animal Essay1993 Words   |  8 Pagesmuch, who those people are is often subject to change. The Grapes of Wrath, The Great Gatsby, and The Hunger Games, all show a society in which the social hierarchy is headed to, or is in fluxuation, and that holds true with any society. The Great Gatsby gives a clear and concise example of the separation of classes in America, which has not changed much since the 1920’s. Jay Gatsby is a prime example of the fluctuation in the social hierarchy. He’s the poor nobody who found his way to the topRead MoreUneven Distribution of Life in America2501 Words   |  10 Pagesrecent years, the issue of this uneven distribution of wealth in America has come to the forefront. President Obama even dedicated part of his last State of the Union address to this problem. Statistics revealing the distribution of wealth to each social class is easily obtainable for the general public. But, the uneven distribution of wealth is not a problem that developed overnight. The gap in wealth between the rich and the poor has been growing for decades. Uneven wealth distribution became anRead MoreThe Sonnet Form: William Shakespeare6305 Words   |  26 Pagesfrom sin to holiness. Anecdote: The brief narration of a single event or incident. Aphorism: A concise expression of insight or wisdom: â€Å"The vanity of others offends our taste only when it offends our vanity† (Friedrich Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil). Autobiography: The nonfictional story of a person’s life, told by that person. St. Augustine’s Confessions is an early, canonical work in this genre (see also memoir,below). Ballad: Traditionally, a folk song telling a story or legend in simple

Social Evils In Robert Steinbecks The Grapes Of Wrath

In the introduction to the Penguin edition of The Grapes of Wrath, Robert DeMott writes that the novel is one of a few select American novels that â€Å"humanize America’s downtrodden by exposing social ills† (x). This is true in The Grapes of Wrath because, when faced with the various social ills and unequal treatment that were amplified during the Great Depression, migrants react in a very human way: with intense anger. Inequality towards migrants is shown through government abuse, unfair treatment by employers, and police brutality, which ultimately provoke civil unrest. The first social ill that exposes the state of inequality is government neglect. To start, migrants in California can not receive aid until they have been residents for†¦show more content†¦Civil unrest only draws attention to these plights. The second social ill that exposes the state of inequality in the novel is the unfair treatment of migrants by employers. Thousands of migrant families journey to California attracted by handbills promising work with decent pay, for instance â€Å"‘Pea Pickers Wanted in California. Good Wages All Season. 800 Pickers Wanted’† (Steinbeck 99). However, these handbills merely advertise empty promises. In reality, greedy farm owners constantly manipulate the enormous migrant workforce for their own economic gain â€Å"‘You can print a hell of a lot of han’bills with what ya save payin’ fifteen cents an hour for fiel’ work’† (Steinbeck 270). This manipulation is based around a vicious cycle, where one family is always poorer, hungrier, and more willing to accept substandard wages than the next. Unfair treatment by employers is an example of inequality because migrants are treated less than human, evidenced by the poor living conditions in employee housing â€Å"The floor was splashed with grease. In the one room stood a rusty tin stove and nothing more,† and long hours â€Å"‘Work till dark, long as you can see’† (Steinbeck 408, 411). Ultimately, the rampant mistreatment of migrant workers will result in civil unrest, which will further damage the cohesiveness of society as a result of the deep social and economic divisions between theShow MoreRelated Censorship - A Clash of Wills and Morals Essay4147 Words   |  17 Pageshave provoked, challenged, and provided new insight. The reason a book is banned and the reason a book is lauded are inextricably linked. Controversial works are usually challenged on the basis of religious, sexual, political, and social issues. However, it is interesting to note that most works are actually censored not for the four reasons above, but for the ambiguous charge of â€Å"obscenity.† In Lee Burress’s chart listing the most common reasons for book censorship, theRead MoreHumans: The Worlds Most Social Animal Essay1993 Words   |  8 Pagesmuch, who those people are is often subject to change. The Grapes of Wrath, The Great Gatsby, and The Hunger Games, all show a society in which the social hierarchy is headed to, or is in fluxuation, and that holds true with any society. The Great Gatsby gives a clear and concise example of the separation of classes in America, which has not changed much since the 1920’s. Jay Gatsby is a prime example of the fluctuation in the social hierarchy. He’s the poor nobody who found his way to the topRead MoreUneven Distribution of Life in America2501 Words   |  10 Pagesrecent years, the issue of this uneven distribution of wealth in America has come to the forefront. President Obama even dedicated part of his last State of the Union address to this problem. Statistics revealing the distribution of wealth to each social class is easily obtainable for the general public. But, the uneven distribution of wealth is not a problem that developed overnight. The gap in wealth between the rich and the poor has been growing for decades. Uneven wealth distribution became anRead MoreThe Sonnet Form: William Shakespeare6305 Words   |  26 Pagesfrom sin to holiness. Anecdote: The brief narration of a single event or incident. Aphorism: A concise expression of insight or wisdom: â€Å"The vanity of others offends our taste only when it offends our vanity† (Friedrich Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil). Autobiography: The nonfictional story of a person’s life, told by that person. St. Augustine’s Confessions is an early, canonical work in this genre (see also memoir,below). Ballad: Traditionally, a folk song telling a story or legend in simple

Effective Tips for Harold Courlander Talk Essay Ashworth College Samples You Can Begin to Use Today

Effective Tips for Harold Courlander Talk Essay Ashworth College Samples You Can Begin to Use Today The Basic Facts of Harold Courlander Talk Essay Ashworth College Samples Luckily there are a few educational facilities where you are able to secure a degree free of charge. This course is directed at students that are proficient enough in English to adhere to an introductory level university training course. The greater education enterprise and American society both stand to gain in the future. If you succeed in turning into one of the lucky students, you will definitely enjoy a superb experience and will have the ability to express your potential to its fullest. College teaches a person to develop her or his capacity to learn. In this instance, Curtis Institute of Music might be the very best alternative. Learn more on the subject of the Build U. Scholarship. What's more, some organization which seek for specialized skills elect for professional qualifications which are usually offered outside universities. Not everybody is interested in university education as well as education itself. College's real or beneficial objective is to supply the foundation for a thriving life. Being an exceptional student is straightforward, check it yourself! There's some empirical data and commentary which is both beneficial and negative about whether there's much policy impact from premium quality research. In summary, it's been demonstrated that liberal arts are losing attention as an important portion of education. You don't need to brag but give an awareness of what you'd bring to the campusby highlighting your achievements. Due to the issues outlined above, it is strongly recommended that everybody needs to go to the university in order to use education as a tool of transforming the society. Custom writing means a critical company with high st andards. Everyone waits in hour-long lines to be able to find the best prices on gifts. Even if your class-time finishes before the conclusion of the reading, it may continue to be possible to accommodate you, based on the venue. However, prepare yourself to return the favor also. Harold Courlander Talk Essay Ashworth College Samples Fundamentals Explained In spite of the argument that not everybody needs to go to the university that has been discussed above, there's a dire need to make sure that as much people as possible have university qualifications. In wonderful demand for a lector. That altered the course dramatically, because knowing your classroom discussions are likely to end up as a book raises the degree of those discussions instantly. Such skills might comprise languages in order to communicate with others well. It's also essential to note that the foundations of basic education are laid via the use of liberal arts like languages. Please allow me to know what concerns or questions you may have. The majority of them help write terrific examples and improve grades. On the flip side, students may rent books. The university is attempting to shape a dynamic and hardworking category of students, so illustrate how you are going to set the college's resources to good use and that you've thought about your future. What you should do to receive a great grade. If you locate an error, please inform us. Charge card information has to be included with your on-line order to be qualified for the Free Shipping offer. Please be certain to include your complete address and contact number. Things You Should Know About Harold Courlander Talk Essay Ashworth College Samples Viewing college inside this manner is similar to viewing marriage for a business arrangement. The above mentioned subjects might have already sparked a concept of what you want to write about. Furthermore, one needs to not forget about numerous intriguing subjects a man or woman can take. Send it off and have confidence that you've just written an excellent essay. You will have to prepare a poster project and paper on a topic of your choice about the program, which will be shown at the conclusion of each semester in a distinctive session. The contest is currently closed. The Harold Courlander Talk Essay Ashworth College Samples Trap Read the short article and get to understand what to keep a watch out for! Once more, you access the website at your own risk. When you satisfy a genuine individual, they have an inclination to look you directly in the eye and several times they touch you to be able to connect. Figuring out which information is relevant can help you save you plenty of heartache in the future.

Environmental Analysis Of Disney Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Environmental Analysis Of Disney. Answer: Customers' tastes and preferences are changing. Disney, therefore, needs to reinvent its product offerings. Disney has been sourcing its products from low-cost factories in China. This trend is making Disneys merchandise not to be attractive to local customers. This is due to the belief that original and quality products come from Hong Kong. Disney should, therefore, change where it is sourcing its products from. Environmental analysis Disney is located in a small location in Hong Kong. Its small size is making it less attractive to customers. Following the incident in which a ticket hiccup occurred during a Chinese new year in February 2006, many customers abhor Disney. During this incident, a majority of the mainland tourists with valid tickets were barred from entering the park. The cause of this scenario was due to the small size of the park. Customers require large and spacious venues. Disney, therefore, needs to work on creating a more spacious venue that can accommodate more people. SWOT Analysis Strength Disneys strength lies in the huge number of the local people. If Disney can tap this resource then it stands a better chance of generating more revenue. So far, Disney does not face any serious competition in the market. This is advantageous given that Disney has the opportunity to dominate the market. The weaknesses Disneys has a negative public image. This is as a result of the February 2006 hiccup where a majority of the mainland tourists with valid tickets were barred from entering the park. This negative publicity is affecting the operations of Disneyland. This is affecting the income generated by the business. Besides, Disneys culture is not popular in China. This is partly due to the negative publicity and also due to the tight media control experienced in China (Farhoomand, 2005). Opportunity China is dominated by Chinese ethnic groups who are the majority. Disney ought to tap this opportunity. It can invest in Chinese artifacts which are loved by the huge Chinese population. Threats The location of Disney Park is far from the City Centre. This is a serious threat to its business opportunity given that a majority of the people may not like to travel to the scenic corner out is located outside the city of Hong Kong. A section of the park which was also built on a reclaimed land faced various challenges starting with the criticism by environmental groups. Reinventing product offerings Rebranding Disney needs to rebrand. Over the years, Disneyland has faced a lot of challenged which has seriously affected its public image. As a result, Disney has been abhorred by many would-be customers. The services of Disney have not always been proper. There has been lack of unique features which is essential for this kind of business. This has affected its operations and brought about low income. Rebranding Disney will help Disney to become acceptable and start afresh. Disney also needs to include in its merchandise sufficient products that appeal to the adult Chinese population. Chinese kids are often in school and thus have little opportunity to visit entertainment venues. Sufficient Chinese elements need to be included and well organized in the tourist and entertainment places. This will help boost attendance rate. A change of location is also very important. It will help erase the negative publicity and also help in attracting more people since the small size of Disney has discouraged people before. Satisfying the expectation of the customers begins by giving customers what they need. A good name is one of the very important things. Every customer would like to be associated with what is good not what is bad. Public image is thus very important. Customers need products that add value to their life too. Disney needs to find products and services that give value. References Farhoomand, A. (2005, August 31). Disney: Losing Magic In the Middle Kingdom. Asia Case Research Centre, pp. 1-32.

Readability in Publications

Readability in an article focuses on the targeted audience, the topic and clarity of language and grammar. Normally a lower readability shows a less literate people will be reading the article. In this article, the author uses simple words, short but precise sentences and paragraphs. A higher readability designates the need for longer sentences, technical words, and complex level of grammar the writer can manage to use. In this case varied sentence structure will dramatically increase the level of readability.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Readability in Publications specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For the audience, the author is expected to identify them before structuring work for publication, (Crary 68) topics should be interesting and some uses specialized language while others are emotional and the topic dictates the tone of the articles. In addition, language and grammar must always be correct and approp riate for the selected topic and audiences. There some factors that influence the readability of an article; this includes concepts, they are the ideas that the document try to present in quick succession with appropriate explanation. Vocabulary level refers to the technicality of the words used in the document, whereby, longer and jargoned words belong to the category of words regarded to be most difficult compared to simple ones. (Barthes 127) Sentence structure is another factor that affects readability; a lengthy sentence will be difficult to understand than a shorter one. Nonetheless, poorly short written sentences are not acceptable substitutes. Graphics aid such as photos, maps and charts usually improve readability of an article. Precise introductions, titles, italic or bolded headings can ease the identification to the separation and explanation of main ideas from supporting ones. Size and style of publication can also influence readability. (Jury 307) Finally, level of com prehension is required to answer the question at the end of the article. A graphic designer involves stylization and presentation of the texts and use of images to come up with a well-illustrated graphic design. (Marsen 430) It is the work of the designer to organize the page into a presentable layout and determine whether other graphics elements are required. Modern design practice is absolute to the use of computer software such as multimedia or interactive design software. Visual Arts This includes to all the work, which is mainly visual in nature. Before any graphic aspects are applied to a design, the aspect must be originates by visual art skills. Computers have been in use to improve the artwork in the modern and post-modern world. Currently the computer art has developed high quality visual art that captures the attention of the audience in a distance. (Kress 34)Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper wi th 15% OFF Learn More By using well-illustrated artwork in print design, it increases the readability of the article. Computer generated clip art has made apparent distinction among visual arts, and general page layout to be less obvious, since it of the eases accessibility and editing work of clip art in the process of rendering an article. When an art designer makes property arrangement of the content and context directly affects the visual aspect of the page hence improving the quality and readability of the article. (Ellis 234) Typography This is the art of arranging text type to make the article visible. It includes the selection of font size, typefaces, line length and spacing and letter tracking. Typesetters, graphic designers, comic book artists do typography and any other who arranges types for a final product. (Elkins 87). Additionally, typography is also refers to the quality of the comforts while reading the article. Readability also involves letter spacing, wor d spacing or reading which is either too tight or loose. A designer can improve the readability of the text by separating vertical lines of an article making it simple for the eye to differentiate one line from the next. Pathetically designed fonts and those that are tight or loosely fitted can also result to poor legibility. Typography is a constituent of all published articles, general publications, such as magazines, journals and newspapers use typography to gain an attractive, interesting and unique appearance to helps the readers in perusing the publications. (Cooke 102) Print media uses collection of typefaces for specific purposes such as sizes, italic, large and small capital letters, bold, colors and other features to identify their house style and to achieve particular tones. Page layout This aspect of graphic design involves arrangement of items on a page, such as photo placement, text layout and style presentation. Well-structured page design is a major consideration in print media; articles actually consist of text, photos and graphics mostly for the adverts. We have two-page layouts that are grid and templates, which are materials mostly used in advertising publications. (Clark 456). A grid is a set of guidelines visible in the design work and not seen by the end-user, and they are useful in the aligning and setting of items on a page. (Marsen 56) It requires a designer to be skilled to be able to design the grids; additionally grids are set to be flexible.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Readability in Publications specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Templates are stiffer and include elements that are visible to the end user. They are helpful materials for limited modifications during the designing process. A designer is supposed to use page layout in her job to improve the readability of the article he/she is publishing. Conclusion It is important to put your audience prioriti es first before coming up with any publication. The extent of readability in any publication depends on the author’s understanding of his/her targeted audience. Its therefore vital to mentor the relationship between the author and the audience. Works Cited Barthes, Roland. Image-Music-Text. London: Fontana Press, 1977. Print. Clark, Vivienne. Key Concepts and Skills for Media Studies. London: Hodder and Staughton, 2002. Print. Cooke, Wollen. Visual display: culture beyond appearances. NY: New Press, 1998. Crary, Jonathan. Techniques of the Observer. MA: MIT Press, 1992. Print. Elkins, James. The Domain of Images. Cornell University Press, 1999. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Ellis, John. Visible Fictions. London: Routledge, 1992. Print. Foster, Hal. Vision and Visuality. New York: New press, 1999. Print. Jury, D. What Is Typography? Essential Design Handbooks. Routledge, 2006. Print. Kress, Gunther van Leuven, Theo. Reading Images: the grammar of visual design. Abingdon: Routledge, 2006. Print. Marsen, Sky. Communication Studies. Palgrave, 2006. Print. This essay on Readability in Publications was written and submitted by user Allison H. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Hunger For Memory

, free and clear from the humiliation of the outside world in openly revealing their speech deficiencies. He remembers the first day of catholic school being introduced by a nun as Richard. Rodriguez states â€Å"This was the first time I had heard anyone name me in English† (393). This was the beginning of the end of his Hispanic heritage. In school he felt isolated from the rest of the students and at this point he realized he must now embrace his American identity. Frightening as it may have been. Because of his fear of accepting and learning the public language, it would change the comfort of his family life. He would often hesitate when interacting with his fellow students. Several months later his teacher had noticed his lack of participation i... Free Essays on Hunger For Memory Free Essays on Hunger For Memory Journal Response â€Å"Hunger for Memory† Richard Rodriguez in his book â€Å"Hunger of Memory† writes about the psychological impact of lack of heritage in his adulthood for trying to blend both heritages, American and Hispanic in his childhood. His experience as a second-generation Mexican immigrant, growing up in middle class, predominantly white neighborhood where he felt the discrimination and his struggle with the English language. He also tells us about how uncomfortable it was for him to see his parents trying to speak English. He describes to us the two worlds, â€Å"The Spanish world at his house and the gringos, American world† that he lived for a period of his life in his childhood. Rodriguez says that he felt very comfortable at home where everyone spoke Spanish. Rodriguez states, â€Å"My parents would say something to me and I would feel embraced by the sounds of their words.† (396) It was his language, and the only one that made sense to him. Rodriguez points out how the languag e barrier both excludes the Hispanic and isolates them from the predominant society. He recalls sitting at the dinner table, joining his parents in mocking the pronunciation of English words, free and clear from the humiliation of the outside world in openly revealing their speech deficiencies. He remembers the first day of catholic school being introduced by a nun as Richard. Rodriguez states â€Å"This was the first time I had heard anyone name me in English† (393). This was the beginning of the end of his Hispanic heritage. In school he felt isolated from the rest of the students and at this point he realized he must now embrace his American identity. Frightening as it may have been. Because of his fear of accepting and learning the public language, it would change the comfort of his family life. He would often hesitate when interacting with his fellow students. Several months later his teacher had noticed his lack of participation i...

Should You Participate in the National Student Leadership Conference

Should You Participate in the National Student Leadership Conference SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Have you heard of the National Student Leadership Conference (NSLC)? Maybe you’ve heard that participating in NSLC is a great way to impress colleges, and you’re wondering if that’s true. Spoiler: If you're considering NSLC because you think it's prestigious, you'd be dead wrong. Keep reading to learn why. This guide will go over exactly what NSLC is, what its potential benefits and drawbacks are, and how you can decide if you should participate in one of its programs. What Is NSLC? The National Student Leadership Conference is a program that hosts career-focused leadership conferences for select high school students (as well as some programs for middle school students) over the summer. The NSLC markets itself as a highly selective program that only accepts students with exceptional leadership and academic skills. During the program, students live in college dorms and attend NSLC-hosted lectures and activities on campus. Program activities can include classes and lectures, guest speakers, leadership workshops, and off-campus field trips. NSLC markets their programs as a way to help participants gain leadership skills and learn about future careers while experiencing life on a college campus. Programs are offered in 21 different fields, such as international diplomacy, engineering, and theater. These programs are between 6 and 18 days in length, depending on the subject they focus on. NSLC offers programs on the campuses of 13 universities (although not all program fields are offered on each campus): Harvard Medical School (Boston, MA) Northwestern University (Chicago, IL) UCLA (Los Angeles, CA) University of California-Berkeley (San Francisco, CA) Fordham University (New York City, NY) Georgia Tech (Atlanta, GA) University of Washington (Seattle, WA) American University (Washington DC) Georgetown University (Washington DC) Rice University (Houston, TX) Vanderbilt University (Nashville, TN) Yale University (New Haven, CT) Yale-NUS College (Singapore) How Do You Apply to NSLC? Anyone who is currently a high school student and has a â€Å"B† average or higher is eligible to apply for NSLC. The first step is being nominated or identified as a potential candidate for the program. You can be nominated by a teacher, counselor, or NSLC alum. You may also be identified through certain talent development programs, such as the College Board Student Search Service and the ACT EOS. Even if you aren’t nominated, you can still apply for admission on NSLC’s website as a merit applicant. Merit applicants must demonstrate strong academics and leadership potential and must also have a counselor or teacher submit a recommendation form. Those who were nominated and those who had their merit application accepted then complete the Enrollment Application. You are required to submit a $500 deposit with your application that will be applied to your tuition if you choose to take an NSLC program or will be refunded if you are not accepted or choose not to enroll. Students who are accepted into the program will then be e-mailed an Acceptance Packet that includes forms you are required to complete. After you have submitted those forms, you will be able to enroll in the NSLC program of your choice. How Competitive Is NSLC? The National Student Leadership Conference markets itself as a program exclusively for top students and future leaders. In their marketing materials, NSLC emphasizes the fact that students must be nominated as a way to show its "competitiveness." However, these nominations are sent to thousands of students each year, most of whom NSLC knows very little about. Additionally, being nominated is not required to attend NSLC. Any high school student can still apply without first being nominated. While NSLC claims to be an exclusive organization that only selects the best students, the reality is that the program accepts most applicants, as long as they have above-average grades (specifically a "B" average) and can get a nomination or letter of recommendation. NSLC programs can have benefits, which I discuss in more detail in the following sections, but it's important for students and their parents to know that neither being nominated for NSLC nor attending one of its programs shows any exceptional academic or leadership skills on the part of the student. What Are the Benefits of Participating in NSLC? So does that mean the NSLC is all bad? Not at all. Below are the main benefits you can get from attending an NSLC program. Benefit #1: Learn About Specific Careers One major benefit of NSLC is that you can choose a program in the field you want to work in, such as medicine, law, or business. The programs are designed to provide hands-on experience in that field. For example, participants in the engineering program build wind turbines and water purification systems and also learn about new technology being used in engineering. These experiences can help you gain skills you can use later on for college and future jobs. They can also give you a taste of what a future career might be like so that you have a better idea of what you want to study in college. You may find that you actually don’t like a certain career at all, and it’s better to learn this now than when you’re already in college and have spent a lot of time and money on a major you no longer want to pursue. Benefit #2: Gain Leadership Skills Every NSLC program includes workshops and lectures designed to help develop the leadership potential of participants. By learning how to be effective leaders and using those skills throughout the conference, students can return from the program more confident in their leadership abilities and more willing to take charge in future situations. Colleges and employers both like seeing leadership experience in applicants. Benefit #3: Form New Relationships Each NSLC program includes lectures by industry professionals. These guest lecturers, who are often leaders in their field, speak with students and answer their questions. The lectures that NSLC provides give students a chance to hear more about what a particular career is like and have their questions answered by someone who has a great deal of experience in that field. Students also often form personal relationships at NSLC programs. After spending several days with other high-achieving students, many participants return home with new friends who are often interested in the same careers that they are. After the program ends, these friends can provide advice when you are looking at different colleges, majors, and jobs. Like these sheep, you may make a new friend at an NSLC program. Benefit #4: Experience College Life Participating in an NSLC program can also introduce you to college and collegiate life. All NSLC conferences take place on college campuses, and students are housed in college dorms. Living on campus can be very helpful for students who may not know much about college and want to get a taste of it while still in high school. There is also the option of receiving up to three college credits for your work at NSLC. However, students interested in earning college credit should be aware that this comes with an extra fee ($790 per credit hour), and not all colleges will accept credits earned at an NSLC program. This is discussed in more detail in the next section. Want to boost your college admissions profile in just a few hours? Our new six-hour admissions course gives you the tools to improve your college acceptance chances. Great for students who don't have the time or budget for full-on admissions consulting, this course focuses on college admissions essentials. You'll learn both what the most important parts of your college admissions profile are and which of these are most responsive to intervention, depending on what stage of the college admissions process you're in. What Are the Drawbacks of Participating in NSLC? While NSLC can have benefits, there are also drawbacks to participating in one of its programs. I discuss some of the most important drawbacks to these programs below. Drawback #1: Programs Are Often Short Most NSLC programs last only a few days, with the longest lasting 18 days. While this may be enough time to introduce you to a subject and give you some hands-on experience, it would be very difficult to gain much in-depth knowledge in such a short time. Students looking for thorough and detailed knowledge of a particular job or career field will likely not be able to gain the amount of information they are looking for from an NSLC program. The short program length can also make it difficult to cultivate strong relationships with both program mentors and other participants. Drawback #2: Program Cost Even though they are short, NSLC programs often have a high price tag. Programs range in cost from $2495-$5295, which includes meals, housing, transportation, and materials. However, if a student wants to earn college credit, this requires an additional fee ($790 per credit hour). Spending several thousand dollars on a short program can be difficult for many high school students and their families. NSLC does offer some scholarships and offers tips for fundraising to help offset costs; however, students should expect to pay the entire cost. It's possible to have the same or similar experiences to those of an NSLC program for a fraction of the cost. This option is discussed in more detail in the following section. Drawback #3: Not as Exclusive as Marketed The NSLC markets itself as a highly competitive program that only invites and accepts top-notch students. However, like many similar organizations that claim to promote student leadership, NSLC send invitations to thousands of students each year in an attempt to maximize the number of students who enroll in their programs. While NSLC emphasizes the fact that students are â€Å"invited† to attend as an indicator of its prestige, any student can apply to the program without receiving an invitation. Most students with decent grades (at least a â€Å"B† average) and some extracurriculars will likely be accepted by NSLC, making it not all that competitive. Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. Should You Participate in NSLC? So, how useful is NSLC? It depends on why you’re interested in participating. Some people find NSLC programs fun and informative while others see them as overpriced resume padding. There are good reasons for attending an NSLC program and reasons that are not as strong. Think carefully about why you are interested in attending, and read on to help make your decision. Good Reasons to Attend NSLC You want to learn more about a specific career field. You want to meet students with similar interests. You want to experience collegiate life. An NSLC program can be a good way to get an introduction to a specific career and gain more hands-on experience than you would likely get in a classroom. Attending one of these conferences also gives you a chance to meet other students with strong academics and who are interested in the same career field. Sometimes these connections can become lasting friendships. Also, if you are curious or a bit nervous about college and want to know what it’s like to live in a dorm and find classes on campus, you can experience that at an NSLC program. If you can afford the cost of an NSLC program and one or more of the above reasons interest you, then you may want to look more seriously into applying. However, be aware that NSLC programs are not the only way to achieve any of these goals. If you are unable to attend an NSLC program, there are multiple other ways to have similar experiences. Students who want to learn more about a specific career can do an internship or job shadow, and those who want to meet students with similar interests can join a club, either in school or outside of school. Students who want to experience college can visit a school they are interested in; many colleges offer overnight stays in the dorms to students who are interested in attending that school. Some colleges also offer dual enrollment, which lets high school students take college classes while still in high school. An NSLC program can give you an introduction to college. Weak Reasons for Attending an NSLC Program While there are certainly good reasons for participating in an NSLC program, there are also reasons that you should not use to justify attending. Several of these reasons are given below, and, for each reason, an alternative solution is given that you may want to consider instead of an NSLC program. Weak Reason #1: You Think It Will Impress Colleges The truth is that having an NSLC program on your resume or college application is not any more prestigious or impressive than other extracurricular activities, such as being on the school soccer team or being a member of the baking club. Colleges don’t need to see that you participated in an NSLC program in order to determine that you're smart or a good leader; they can see those things simply by looking at your grades, extracurricular activities, and letters of recommendation. Alternative Idea: Gain expertise and leadership experience through your extracurriculars. If you are looking to strengthen your college applications by having strong extracurriculars, choose activities that relate to your interests and allow you to obtain leadership positions. Sticking with an extracurricular, no matter what it is, and acquiring more responsibility is more impressive than a short-term NSLC program because it gives schools a better idea of your interests and abilities. If you need help deciding which activities to do, we have a list of hundreds of extracurriculars for you to browse! Weak Reason #2: You Want In-Depth Knowledge of a Certain Career While NSLC programs can teach you about a career and give you the chance to do related hands-on activities and hear from people in that profession, the programs are simply too short to provide a thorough knowledge of a particular career. Alternative Idea: If you are looking for a way get in-depth knowledge on a career, consider doing an internship. Internships generally last from several weeks to several months and will give you much more time to learn the details and responsibilities of a particular job. Check out our in-depth guide to internships for high school students. Weak Reason #3: You Want to Network With Professionals The NSLC has a history of having prestigious guest speakers give lectures to program participants. While these guest lecturers are often leaders in their field and are very knowledgeable, you shouldn’t sign up for the NSLC thinking it will give you the opportunity to network with them and potentially get an internship or job. Most of the guest lecturers simply give their presentation and answer questions afterward, with no opportunity for students to speak with them individually. Alternative Idea: Do an internship or a job shadow. If you are interested in getting to know professionals in a certain career field personally, both of these options give you more opportunities to talk one-on-one. By working directly with professionals or observing them, you will be more memorable than if you were simply sitting in the audience, and this will make it more likely for them to remember you and possibly recommend you for future jobs. NSLC programs may not get you all the networking opportunities you were hoping for. Weak Reason #4: You Want to Earn College Credit While it is possible to earn college credit during an NSLC program, this should not be the main reason for you to enroll in it. Through NSLC, students can earn up to three college credits, which is the equivalent of one regular college class. Three college credits will cost $2370, and this is on top of the standard program fee. Having one college class out of the way will not help you graduate college any sooner or give you much of a head start. Additionally, many colleges do not accept these credits because they didn’t take place in a classroom environment and were earned over a short period of time. This means that there is a good chance that the college credit earned in an NSLC program won’t be accepted by the college you choose to go to, and, even if it is, those credits will be expensive to get and will only count for one class, usually a general elective. Alternative Idea: Take classes at your local community college or university or concentrate on AP or IB classes. If you are interested in earning college credits, you can often earn more and for much less money by passing AP or IB exams (which many colleges accept as college credit) or by taking classes at a community college. Some high schools will also pay for you to take classes at a nearby college or university, which could save you thousands of dollars. Summary: Is NSLC Worth Your Time and Money? The National Student Leadership Conference is a program that it can offer beneficial and interesting opportunities for high school students, but not in a way that is better or more prestigious than other extracurriculars. While the NSLC can help participants learn more about certain career fields, meet new people, and experience college life, there are many other ways for students to have each of these experiences, such as by joining a club or completing a job shadow. The high price tag of NSLC programs deters many people, and the fact that most of these programs last only a few days makes it difficult for participants to get in-depth knowledge or develop close relationships. Despite its claims of being a prestigious and competitive program, the NSLC mails thousands of invitations to students each year, and colleges do not find participating in the program any more impressive than a normal summer camp or extracurricular like a sport or school club. If you can afford it and think that an NSLC program would be a good experience, then consider attending one; many past participants have had good experiences. However, if you cannot or would rather not participate, don’t worry about missing out on some prestigious opportunity that will help you get into college. Remember, there are many ways to get the same benefits that NSLC offers that are likely closer to home and less expensive. What's Next? Want to know what a great extracurricular looks like? Check out these 4 amazing examples of extracurriculars for college applications. Considering a job shadow? Check out our guide on everything you need to know about how to find and do a great job shadow! Aiming for an Ivy League School? Then read our famous guide on the secrets to getting into Harvard and the Ivy League, written by a Harvard grad. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

The History and Regeneration of Ballymun, Co. Dublin Ireland Essay

The History and Regeneration of Ballymun, Co. Dublin Ireland - Essay Example The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the regeneration of Ballymun, a major renewal project now being implemented in Dublin. The paper will also examine if this regeneration project has been successful in achieving its objectives. In examining this issue the author has looked at Ballymun as a whole and researched past problems and mistakes made by the government and Dublin City Council. This paper reviews the most recent and most radical of attempts to regenerate Ballymun, which is currently being implemented under the auspices of a quasi-governmental organization, Ballymun Regeneration Ltd (BRL). This company was established by Dublin Corporation in 1997 to prepare and implement a plan for the regeneration of the Ballymun estate and the ambitions housing demolition of the flats and rebuild of new homes and socio-economic development programme which it has devised will be funded by a mixture of direct public investment together with tax relief for private sector investme nt in house building and office and factory development.   This regeneration project is highly innovative in the Irish context because BRL is the first and, to date, the only designated, quasi-governmental agency which has been employed to regenerate a public housing area in the history of the Irish State. Moreover, the use of tax incentives to encourage private sector investment in an area of this type is also unprecedented.  ... The dissertation will look at the following issues and relevant theories: 1. Establishing the urban regeneration in Ireland and its initiatives 2. Pointing out urban problems in Dublin 3. Evolution of Ballymun: its planning and development, its construction and design problems, 4. Ballymun problems and their solutions due to strategies of regeneration 5. Defining problems concerning built environment, housing management, regeneration This dissertation reviews the most recent and most radical of attempts to regenerate Ballymun, which is currently being implemented under the auspices of a quasi governmental organisation, Ballymun Regeneration Ltd (BRL). This company was established by Dublin Corporation in 1997 to prepare and implement a plan for the regeneration of the Ballymun estate and the ambitions housing demolition of the flats and rebuild of new homes and socio-economic development programme which it has devised will be funded by a mixture of direct public investment together with tax relief for private sector investment in house building and office and factory development. This regeneration project is highly innovative in the Irish context, because BRL is the first and, to date, the only designated, quasi governmental agency which has been employed to regenerate a public housing area in the history of the Irish State. Moreover the use of tax incentives to encourage private sector investment in an area of t his type is also unprecedented. BRL is also significant in the international context as, unlike many comparable regeneration projects in other countries, the indications are that its efforts to diversify tenure and encourage private sector

Gonorrhea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Gonorrhea - Essay Example Neisseria gonorrheae can not survive for more than few seconds if taken outside the body. It does not live upon exposed skin. This bacterium requires moist conditions and temperature of the internal body in order to survive, grow and reproduce. The most suitable place for this bacterium to live in is vagina and cervix which is essentially the terminal point of uterus protruding into vagina. Neisseria gonorrheae also survives in urethra and rectum. Apart from these areas, neisseria gonorrheae can also be found at the back of throat which is the point of contact in oral sex. Symptoms: The disease shows no symptoms in the early stages in 50 per cent of the cases. With the passage of time, the patient experiences frequent urination, swelling, burning and redness of the genitals, discharge of a yellowish mucus from the vagina, and a lot of itching on and around the genitals. If adequate treatment is not taken in time, the swelling can aggravate to dangerous extent and lead to severe and e xtremely painful pelvic infection. The infection cases the ovaries and Fallopian tubes to swell up. As a result of the inflammation of Fallopian tubes, the patient acquires pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) which is essentially a very painful pelvis infection. PID is not very unusual to occur.

Research on Hybrid Cars Essay Example for Free

Research on Hybrid Cars Essay I. Introduction: ? Overview Of The Project: This project is based on the latest technology in automobile (car) industry- HYBRID TECHNOLOGY. In this project we are going to discuss about the hybrid technology in cars, the impact of hybrid technology on Indian automobile (car) industry, the companies which have adopted and benefited through this technology and the findings the conclusion. ? Hybrid Technology: A hybrid vehicle is a vehicle that uses two or more distinct power sources to move the vehicle. Power sources include: ? On-board or out-board rechargeable energy storage system (RESS) ? Gasoline or Diesel fuel ? Hydrogen ? Compressed air ? Human powered e. g. pedaling or rowing ? Wind ? Compressed or liquefied natural gas ? Solar ? Coal, wood or other solid combustibles The term most commonly refers to hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), which combine an internal combustion engine and one or more electric motors. ? HYBRID CARS: Hybrid cars are one among the promising types of new generation cars. In the present era, the motor vehicle industry is going through a transition phase, which is to meet the pace of the growing world. Cars are now become inevitable assistants for the travel and it is not uncommon to have 2 or 3 cars in a home. And, motor vehicles are now facing the next generation problems of the conventional cars. Moreover, many environmental and energy utilization issues are coming cross. Hybrid cars are developed with an intention to answer much of these questions, and the success of it in the road make it a favorite choice of many. Although any car, which has a combination of two different ideas can be called as a hybrid, but the cars, which combine two energy sources for its running is popularly named as hybrid car. To be simple, the conventional cars run on a single fuel source such as gasoline, petrol and diesel. The energy efficiency of the cars was insufficient to meet the future needs, in the highly energy depleting situation. The search for alternative resources is intensive and one of them, electric cars were a success, but its limitation was the inadequacy for a long drive and difficulty for frequent recharges. Hybrid cars were a better solution since it combines the benefits of both types of cars. Now, most of the hybrid cars use the engine that work in combination of gasoline and electricity. Hybrid cars are much appreciated by the experts because of its energy efficiency. As the car has two energy sources, the car will in effect, use up only reduced energy and the most beneficial attribute is that the batteries in the car for electrical transmission will be spontaneously charged, along with the working of the car. However, the success of the hybrid cars among the motorists relies on mainly on its performance on the road. Despite of the great fear, whether the new car could give out the performance as of a conventional car, hybrid car gave out adequate performance, with aid of its sophisticated technology and aerodynamic design. The utility of hybrid cars for the society was proved, when Government adopted particular measures for its promotion. Now, as part of its preferred usage, tax credits are available, which are changed yearly, according to the prevailing market conditions. Government was impressed with the two important advantages such as improved mileage and reduced tailpipe emissions, which can attribute low environmental pollution and reduced non renewable fuel consumption. Now many companies such as Toyota, Ford, Honda and Lexus are competing in the market of hybrid cars with their latest versions. Any how, a comparison of different models is advised before the purchase. Hybrid cars are thus the present phase of car industry. The advancements are going on continuously in its fuel selection and structure, to persist it to a future car, and motorists are looking forward to the best out of it. ? History of Hybrid Vehicles The history of hybrid cars dates back to the late 1800s and 1900s. In 1905, Mr. H Piper filed a patent for a gasoline engine-electric motor powertrain. According to him, the electric motor would augment a gasoline engine, allowing a vehicle to accelerate from zero to 25 miles an hour in 10 seconds, much faster than the gasoline engines of that time. Ironically, when finally Mr. H Piper was granted the patent a few years later, normal engines were capable of producing the same kind of acceleration. Due to rapid advancements in the gasoline engine, the popularity of a hybrid car slowly diminished untill again in the early to mid 1970s, the time of oil crisis. Many companies poured funds to build experimental Hybrid Electric Vehicles. But as the oil became available again, the surge for HEVs died down immediately. The Europeans and Japanese researching on reducing production costs and making HEVs more salable. Companies like Toyota, Honda, Volkswagen, Mitsubishi came up with ways to reduce emissions and better the mileage. Toyota introduced the Prius in 1997 (in Japan and in 2000 in the US) which proved to be a huge success. Recent sales figures indicate that well over 300,000 units of Toyota Prius have been sold the world over justifying the concept of a clean family car. In 1999, Honda introduced its first production hybrid car, the Insight and then the Civic Hybrid in 2002. Ford came up with the first hybrid SUV, the Escape, which hit the road in 2004. Quick on their path are several other contestants such as Dodge with their hybrid pickup, the Ram, and chevrolets Silverado. ? How Hybrid Cars Work? Hybrid Cars integrate the power of the conventional gasoline engine with that of an electric motor. A high powered battery pack provides energy to the motor which itself gets recharged when the car is decelerating. This is called as regenerative braking. The gas engine can also assist the battery in recharging. This kills the need to plug the car to an external source of energy. As of now, there are two types of hybrid vehicles. In one type, the electric motor acts as a side-kick to the gas engine, assisting it whenever surplus power is needed. The electric motor alone is incapable of independently operating the vehicle. Hondas Power Assist technology in its hybrids, Civic and Insight is an example. Such vehicles are termed as Mild Hybrids. In mild hybrids, the gasoline engine provides the main source of power, and the electric motor provides additional power whenever needed. The second type of hybrid can be termed as a Full Hybrid, where the gasoline engine and the electric motor can operate the vehicle saperately. In this type, the electric motor can drive the vehicle at lower speeds. In need of more speed, the gasoline engine kicks in. The Toyota Prius and the Ford Escape implement the same techonology. Be it mild hybrids or full hybrids, both are capable of providing lower emissions and better fuel efficiency. The Internal-Combustion Engines (both gasoline and diesel) installed in Hybrid cars are often smaller than those in normal cars for a simple reason that Hybrids have the electric motor for assistance. The motor can take care of city travel which poses stop and go conditions as well as power-consuming add-ons such as the A/C or power-windows and power-steering. At high speeds, the gasoline engine supplies power. This switching of power sources is computer controled and nothing needs to be manually done. Power to the electric motor comes from the battery-pack. Recharging of the battery is automatic and need not be done by external sources. When the car is in uniform motion or when it is decelerating, it generates power which charges the batteries which utilises the valuable kinetic energy. As with any other battery, the Hybrid car battery also has a limited life span. Auto makers however, put the battery life at around 200,000 miles which roughly comes around to 7-8 years, depending on the kind of travel it endures. Thus, It pays to take extra care of your vehicle and travel when necessary. ? Hybrid Car Technology: With the prices of gasoline and fuel always on the increase, car manufacturers have today found a new form of car technology that is fuel efficient and low in pollution. This technology is called the hybrid car technology where the cars have a rechargeable energy storage system (RESS) found in the vehicle, along with some fuel propulsion source. Hybrid cars don’t produce much pollution and consumes minimal fuel; and its different propulsion systems have either common parts or systems. Hybrid cars are generally designated to vehicles running on a combination of petroleum and electricity. These vehicles are called hybrid-electric vehicles where electric cells are used to power electric engines, along with an internal combustion engine. The advantage of these cars is that they sort of extend their battery charge through the kinetic energy they catch in regenerative braking. Moreover when such cars cruise, or move on a small thrust, the combustion engine generates energy with the running of a second electric motor. This is done to either recharge the battery or to provide energy to the motor for driving the car. This is unlike the conventional electrical cars where they avail of their battery charge through external sources like the grid. Today, most of the hybrid cars run on either gasoline or diesel as their main energy source while there are some cases where other fuels like ethanol or plant based oils are used too. There are also some cars that use hydrogen fuel. Sometimes, hybrid cars are also referred to the cars that are flexible-fuel vehicles where they run on a combination of different fuels like gasoline and ethanol alcohol fuel. The main reason people prefer to use hybrid cars is because of its hybrid technology of a combination of technologies. With this, a lot of gas fuel is saved which is of course, beneficial to the car buyer. With the passage of time, hybrid car technology has improved in the different hybrid cars. This is because with time, hybrid cars have also become popular and the manufacturers have been working on more means to make the car more feasible to the prospective car buyer. With hybrid car technology, the motion of the car is designed in such a way that the engines in these cars have a smaller size that is used when drifting and driving leisurely. It is usually the battery source that provides the additional power like going uphill or accelerating whenever needed. To couple things, when the hybrid car is stopped, the hybrid fuel engine gets switched off to run off the electric motor. Hybrid cars are built lighter and are designed more aerodynamically for better speed. And its tires are usually stiffer and have a higher inflation so that the drag of the car is reduced. So it can be seen that with hybrid car technology, a car has become more efficient. Though the rates of these cars may initially be a bit high, they are very much worth it in the long run during its lifespan. ? Hybrid Car Pro and Cons. The pros and cons of hybrid car is one of the widely discussed topics since hybrid car is a trend among the new generation vehicles. Hybrid car is the type of car, which utilizes two different energy sources to meet the energy requirement. Even though the hybrid technology was prevailing for many purposes such as train engines and submarines, its well-liked use among the people was begun only with the incorporation of the idea in the motor vehicles. Hybrid car became soon accepted among the customers, however, its increased popularity arise the need for a cross analysis since it is a fact that every factor will have two sides. ? Pros of Hybrid Vehicles Hybrid cars carry with them a bundle of advantages. o Hybrids combine clean energy of the electrical motor with the power of the gas-powered engine which results into lower emissions and better mileage. o Thanks to the ever improving technology, hybrids perform at par with the normal ga-powered vehicles, if not better. o Hybrids are reliable and comfortable as any traditional car and they have a tax benefits(only till 2006). o There are purchase incentives for Hybrid vehicle owners (varies by state). o Hybrids are much cleaner cars than normal vehicles with lesser CO and other greenhouse gas emissions. o Hybrids provide a better mileage. o The future for hybrids looks bright with rapid developments in hybrid technology to improve engine efficiency. o Due to the Regenerative Braking technology, the batteries need not be charged by an external source. o o Special warranties are provided for the battery pack, the electric motor other costly items. o Hybrids help reduce the dependency on fossil fuels which directely affects fuel prices. Hybrid cars are often refereed to as the ‘car of the era’. The unique advantages of the hybrid car will be sole basis for such recognition in the market. The motor industry was always in the effort to develop most beneficial model and the disadvantages of the conventional model might be the triggering factor for the formation of advantageous models. Usually, anything to be considered as advantageous will make benefit only to its owner, and to the maximum, the family of the owner. The specialty of the hybrid car enhances in this situation since its advantages can attribute benefit to not only the owner or his family, but to the entire society, nation and the mankind. The advantages of the hybrid car start right from its difference in the basic pattern. Hybrid car is type of car that utilizes two energy sources for its movement. The popular hybrid cars in the market are manufactured in such a manner to combine the benefits of an internal combustion engine and electrical motor. The shortening level of gasoline in the world as it is a non-renewable energy was the major drawback of the conventional cars, which was rectified in the electrical cars, but it also had its own disadvantages. The advantage of the hybrid car is that it can rectify the complaints in the both systems and balances the use of electrical energy and gasoline engine, in their optimum levels. In the hybrid car, the electrical energy is used while starting up of the car and its low speed ranges, which will help to impart a check to the tail pipe emissions. As the automobiles is increasing, world is at the threat of toxic pollutants and global warming, due to their exhaust ingredients. The decrease in the tail pipe emission will be a great advantage for the environment as well as the society. However, gasoline engine will take up the transmission, when the speed goes up since, it is essential to attribute the pace for the drive. While the traffic stops and steep slopes the electrical energy will be again activated, which will help to reduce the gasoline utilization. The aerodynamic design, lighter materials and smoother tyre will help for better energy consumption. The striking technological advantage of the hybrid car is that the energy loss, while braking is re-channeled for the electrical battery charging, called as regenerative braking, and a separate energy for battery charging is not required. The advantages of the hybrid car are multifaceted since it attributes economical, technical and economical benefits. Despite of the owner, the country as well as, is benefited from the gasoline saving as the oil prices are steeping very high, and its effects the country’s whole economy. This advantage is also a benefit to the customer as government has decided to give reductions and tax credits for the hybrid car buying. In addition to Federal exemption certain states also provide local exemptions to promote the use of hybrid car. Hybrid car is thus an advantageous car, which helps to over come much of the crisis related to the motor world. ? Disdvantages Of Hybrid Cars Hybrid cars, though useful, have some disadvantages. The point to be noted here is that the advantages far exceed the disadvantages. o High cost: hybrids cost anywhere from $2,000 to $5,000 more their non-Hybrid versions. o More weight due to battery packs. o Some states charge additional fees for registration. o In the event of an unfortunate accident, there is a risk of exposure to high voltage wires. o They have a complicated system which needs to be taken care of by experienced mechanics only. o Spare parts maybe hard to find and may be costly. o Usually, hybrids have a lower acceleration than that their normal counterparts. II. INDUSTRY PROFILE: ? HYBRID TECHNOLOGY IN INDIAN AUTOMOBILE (CAR) INDUSTRY: ? INDIAN AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY AN OVERVIEW: The manufacturing of automobiles commenced in India 60 years ago, since then, the journey of the Indian Automotive industry can be classified into three main phases. Touching upon them briefly: The first phase till mid 1980s could be termed as one of protection for the Indian automotive industry. There were restrictions on the manufacturing and import of automobiles and the Indian automobile market was a seller’s market. The second phase, post 1991, could be termed as a phase of liberalization as the Indian automotive market was the beneficiary of the opening up of India’s economy. This phase was marked by the entry of foreign automobile players and increase in the availability of automotive financing. The Indian automotive market became a buyer’s market during this phase. Coinciding with the second wave of liberalization, the third phase from early 2000 till date could be termed as a phase of globalization of the Indian automotive industry. This phase has been marked by the removal of most import controls, entry of many more foreign players in the Indian automotive market and Indian companies gaining a global identity and acquiring foreign companies. The year 2008 is an important year for the Indian automobile industry. Today, the Indian automobile industry is ranked first in the world in the production of three wheelers, second in the production of two wheelers, fourth in the production of commercial vehicles and ninth in the production of passenger vehicles. With a production of nearly 10. 8 million vehicles in FY07-08, the Indian automotive industry has shown an outstanding resilience after the last down cycle about a decade back. In the last few years, the Indian automotive industry has grown at a healthy rate by reducing costs and improving efficiency. With its new found confidence, it has gone beyond the shores of India and is creating a noteworthy footprint in different geographies in the world. The Indian automotive market with a healthy growth rate of 13% in the last 7 years was a source of attraction to many foreign automobile companies whose entry in the Indian market not only increased competition, but also raised customer expectations about product quality and reliability. This forced the Indian companies to introduce new and interesting products and innovation has now become a noteable feature of the Indian automotive industry. The innovation story of the Indian automotive industry would not be complete without mentioning the NANO, which has evoked worldwide interest, curiosity and confidence in the competency of Indian talent. It has not only brought the automobile industry, but also India into focus. The NANO and other similar products have the potential to change the paradigm of the automotive industry worldwide. To maintain a high rate of growth, retain the attractiveness of the Indian market and to further enhance competitiveness in the market place, the Indian automotive industry has been working in a collaborative manner with the government and has drafted an Automotive Mission Plan 2006-16. Some of the key initiatives which have been pursued as per the Automotive Mission Plan include: †¢ Establishment of National Automotive Testing and RD Infrastructure development Project (NATRIP) †¢ Initiatives for creation and fulfillment of automotive demand †¢ Initiatives towards the betterment of society and the environment, and †¢ Initiatives to become a catalyst for generating an additional 25 million jobs. In the last five years, sales in various segments of the Indian automobile market have grown at a healthy rate of 15% to 27 %. This growth provided encouragement to various players and nearly Rs 78,000 crores of investment has been planned, out of which more than 50% has already been committed. However, today the Indian automotive industry is facing unprecedented challenges. On one hand, demand is shrinking because of the lack of availability of consumer finance, high interest rates and the high cost of fuel, and on the other, cost of input materials has witnessed massive increases. e. g. in the last two years, steel price has increased by almost 40%, copper prices are up by 45%, natural rubber has risen by 40% . The impact of steel price increase alone on various segments of automobiles is quite significant. These factors are having a catastrophic impact on the bottom line of the Indian automotive industry and are resulting in withdrawal, scaling down or deferment of capital investment which would hurt the objectives of the Automotive Mission Plan in the long run. Two other long term challenges are faced by the Indian automotive industry. The first one is climate change due to global warming which would have an impact on all. Contribution of carbon dioxide emissions giving rise to global warming by various sectors are Public Electricity and Heat Production: 53% Manufacturing Industries Construction21% Internal transportation (Road,rail,air)12% Others14% (Source: International Energy Agency-2005 Report based on 2001 data for India) Reduction in carbon dioxide emission would require a holistic and an integrated approach. However, the automotive industry is aware of its 10% contribution and is conscious and determined to pursue initiatives to reduce the same. This could be implemented by adopting an integrated and a partnership approach. Some of the initiatives that would reduce carbon dioxide emissions include introduction of new and more fuel efficient vehicles, a mandatory inspection and maintenance regime, the removal of old vehicles as they contribute to a larger portion of carbon dioxide emissions, efficient traffic management, use of alternative fuels like CNG, LPG, bio-diesel etc and the introduction of electric vehicles / hybrid. The second challenge which the Indian automotive industry is facing today is in attracting and nurturing talented manpower not only for the creation of better and reliable products but also for servicing and maintenance throughout the life cycle of the product. More than 60% of the additional 25 million jobs that is projected to get created as per the Automotive Mission Plan, would be in the skilled category. ? INDIAN AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY AND HYBRID TECHNOLOGY: [pic] ? WHY HYBRIDS IN INDIA: [pic] [pic] [pic] CONCLUSION: [pic] III. COMPANIES PROFILE: Hybrid technology has become a latest trend in the automotive industry. There are a number of companies which have adopted this technology. The list of the companies which have launched their hybrid vehicles are: ? TATA ? Hyundai ? Honda ? Mahindra Mahindra ? Ford ? Toyota ? BMW ? Nissan Motors A brief profile of these companies and their hybrid car versions are discussed in the following pages: [pic] ? COMPANY OVERVIEW: The Hyundai Motor Company, a division of the Hyundai Kia Automotive Group, is South Korea’s largest and the world’s fifth largest automaker in terms of units sold per year. Headquartered in Seoul, Hyundai operates the world’s largest integrated automobile manufacturing facility in Ulsan, which is capable of producing 1. 6 million units annually. The Hyundai logo, a slanted, stylized H, is said to be symbolic of two people (the company and customer) shaking hands. In 1998, after a shake-up in the Korean auto industry caused by overambitious expansion and the Asian financial crisis, Hyundai acquired rival Kia Motors. In 2000, the company established a strategic alliance with DaimlerChrysler and severed its partnership with the Hyundai Group. In 2001, the Daimler-Hyundai Truck Corporation was formed. In 2004, however, DaimlerChrysler divested its interest in the company by selling its 10. 5 percent stake for $900 million. Hyundai has invested in manufacturing plants in the North America, China, Pakistan, India, and Turkey as well as research and development centers in Europe, North America, and Japan. In 2004, Hyundai Motor Company had $57. 2 billion in sales in South Korea making it the country’s second largest corporation, or chaebol. Worldwide sales in 2005 reached 2,533,695 units, an 11 percent increase over the previous year. Hyundai has set as its 2006 target worldwide sales of 2. 7 million units (excluding exports of CKD kits). Hyundai motor vehicles are sold in 193 countries through some 5,000 dealerships and showrooms. After a recent survey of global automotive sales by Automotive News, Hyundai is now the tenth largest automaker in the world in 2007. [5] Hyundai Motor Company’s brand power continues to rise as it was ranked 72nd in the 2007 Best Global Brands by Interbrand and Business Week survey. Brand value estimated at $4. 5 billion. Public perception of the Hyundai brand has been transformed as a result of dramatic improvements in the quality of Hyundai vehicles. ? HYBRIDS IN HYUNDAI: Hyundai plans to begin producing hybrid electric vehicles in 2009. The Avante will be the first vehicle to be produced. Since 2004, Hyundai has supplied about 3,000 hybrid versions of its Getz and Accent small cars to government fleets as part of a testing program. The automaker cites a lack of local tax benefits for purchasing hybrids as a barrier to its hybrid development program. But Hyundai expects the tax situation to change in 2009. The new hybrid electric Sonata will make its debut at the Los Angeles International Auto Show in November 2008. Hyundai expects to release it in the U. S. market in 2010, featuring lithium-ion battery technology ? HYUNDAI HYBRIDS IN INDIA: Hyundai is getting increasingly aggressive these days. If Genesis sedan assault wasnt enough, Hyundai is now seriously looking at another Japanese stronghold, the Hybrids. The company is planning to go full steam in developing its own hybrid technology. The company will start off with the hybrid variants of Accent, Sonata and Avante sedan while the research and development center in India will be given the go ahead to develop the technology for small cars. Currently, Hyundai provides Verna (Accent) hybrid models to government agencies as pilot projects. The plan is to expand the line-up to mid-sized sedans and beyond for mass production, starting from 2009. Seok San Jang, a senior vice president for Hyundai’s international business operations saysâ€Å"We have been slow in the field so far but have aggressive plans given the fact that high oil prices have made hybrids almost a necessity now. From next year, we will sell hybrid cars in Korea and by 2010 we will be selling them all over the world, India is our hub for small cars and hybrids for smaller cars will also eventually come from there. † ? HYUNDAI HYBRID MODELS: |[pic] |[pic] | |HYUNDAI ACCENT |HYUNDAI GETZ | [pic] ? COMPANY OVERVIEW: Tata Motors Limited, formerly known as TELCO (TATA Engineering and Locomotive Company), is a multinational corporation headquartered in Mumbai, India. It is Indias largest passenger automobile and commercial vehicle manufacturing company. Part of the Tata Group, and one of the worlds largest manufacturers of commercial vehicles. The OICA ranked it as the worlds 20th largest automaker, based on figures for 2006. Tata Motors was established in 1945, when the company began manufacturing locomotives. The company manufactured its first commercial vehicle in 1954 in collaboration with Daimler-Benz AG, which ended in 1969. Tata Motors was listed on the NYSE in 2004, and by 2005 it was ranked among the top 10 corporations in India with an annual revenue exceeding INR 320 billion. In 2004, it bought Daewoos truck manufacturing unit, now known as Tata Daewoo Commercial Vehicle, in South Korea. It also, acquired a 21% stake in Hispano Carrocera SA, giving it controlling rights in the company. Tata Motors launched their much awaited Tata Nano, noted for its Rs 100,000 price-tag, in January 2008. In March 2008, it finalised a deal with Ford Motor Company to acquire their British Jaguar Land Rover (JLR) business, which also includes the Rover, Daimler and Lanchester brand names. The purchase was completed on 2 June 2008 Tata Motors has its manufacturing base in Jamshedpur, Pantnagar, Lucknow, Ahmedabad and Pune. ? HYBRIDS IN TATA The world’s cheapest car, Tata Nano, may also turn out to be world’s cheapest hybrid version as well. Tata Motors intends to offer micro-hybrid version of Tata Nano with micro-hybrid technology that allows the vehicle to reduce fuel consumption and emissions by up to 10 percent. According to a leading Indian news channel, Bosch shall provide the micro-hybrid technology to Nano also known as Start-Stop System. This system allows the engine to automatically turn off when the vehicle is not moving. This additional technology may cost another Rs. 4000 to Rs. 6000 to the overall cost but this technology is definitely the cheapest hybrid technology most suitable for the world’s cheapest car. Most of the countries around the world are getting stricter with fuel consumption and emission norms including Europe and the US. This micro-hybrid technology can b deployed to the vehicles at much lower cost than full hybrid systems. The micro-hybrid technology will also be available in diesel and electric variants of Nano. [pic] TATA NANO [pic] ? COMPANY OVERVIEW: Bayerische Motoren Werke AG (BMW), (English: Bavarian Motor Works) is an independent German automobile manufacturer founded in 1916. It also produces motorcycles, is the owner of the MINI brand and is the parent company of Rolls-Royce Motor Cars. ? HYBRIDS IN BMW: ? BMW H6 ACTIVE HYBRID: BMW ActiveHybrid is a particular highlight of BMW EfficientDynamics, BMWs trendsetting development strategy for todays world. Introducing this technology, BMW is taking the next step in the ongoing reduction of fuel consumption and emissions. BMW ActiveHybrid is based on a modular concept following the strategy of Best of Hybrid to integrate the most appropriate, optimum components in each case in different concepts. The concept is running a new BMW drivetrain that integrates the batteries, electronics systems and power inverter all within the transmission. Compared with the non-hybrid model, the new Active Hybrid is said to improve fuel-economy by up to 20%. The two-mode hybrid system, co-developed with General Motors and DaimlerChrysler, uses twin electric motors which can either be used to boost acceleration, charge the batteries or as a generator to mutually power each other. The two-mode active transmission is based on an ECVT electrical continuously variable transmission. The two operating modes, one of which has been optimised for low, the other for high speeds, are supplemented by fixed transmission ratios. Fitting in with BMW’s new EfficientDynamics focus, the modular hybrid system can be easily adapted to other models and should make its way across more cars in coming years. [pic] BMW X6 ACTIVE HYBRID ? BMW DIESEL X5 HYBRID VERSION: BMW will be presenting a new eco-friendly concept touting the latest in EfficientDynamics technology at the upcoming Geneva Motor Show. BMW has given a preview of the upcoming concept, a twin-turbo diesel X5 with a hybrid system. As has been the trend in Europe of late, carmakers are developing ultra-efficient hybrid models by combining frugal diesel engines with electric powertrains. BMW X5 SUV is fitted with a 2. 0L turbodiesel and the carmaker’s mild ActiveHybrid technology plus an eight-speed automatic gearbox and even roof-mounted solar panels. All of these technologies combine to deliver the best fuel economy and lowest emissions of any fullsize SUV currently on sale. The BMW Vision EfficientDynamics delivers 43. 5mpg on the combined cycle and just 172g/km of CO2 emissions. Despite its green credentials, the X5 ActiveHybrid is no slouch. Output from the diesel stands at 204hp and 400Nm of torque, and the hybrid systems adds a further 20hp and 210Nm of torque under acceleration.

The Water Droplets Journey :: Water Cycle Essays

Day 1 Once upon a time high above the earth, fluffy white clouds drifted through the atmosphere. In the clouds lived a family Droplet of water, round and content with life. For as long as I could remember, I spent my days lying on my back, relaxing and soaking up the sun's warm rays. One day, I took my usual place in the sun but the light didn't seem to be as bright. In fact, as the day went on, it grew darker and darker, loud claps of thunder shook the cloud, and the Droplet felt as if he were getting so heavy he could hardly move. This is called precipitation. Suddenly, I felt myself falling from the cloud. Down, down, down he fell, farther and father from home. At last I landed on the earth, in the dark green foliage of the rainforest. Around me as far as I could see were tall trees, dense green leaves, red mushrooms and multicolored insects of every shape and size. Strange creatures surrounded him, and the sounds and sights were like nothing I had ever seen or heard before. All I was sure of was that I wanted to go back home. But how? Day 2 It is now day 2 3:00 am and I am going to be out of the ocean at 12:00 pm. I have changed from an infant into a primary. I am having so much fun sailing across the ocean. It is now 12: am and I am 12hrs away from being on land. It is now 3:00 pm and I am tired of sailing but I have to keep pushing. I am having so much fun. It is now 5:00 pm and I?m rushing hoping I will get finish early I can see the land and I?m almost there. All I have to do is reach the land. I?m there finally all sweaty and wet. Day 3 I?m on the step to soaking in the ground and I?m draining in the ground. I?m waiting to get cleaned all of a sudden a worm comes and eat me. I guest the worm didn?t see me there so I bang on his yelling ?Hey you umm wormy can I get out of here pl-ease?

For my project I am going to design a new range of Alco-pop

For my project I am going to design a new range of Alco-pop. I choose this idea as I feel there is room in the current market to introduce a new brand. The current and most popular Alco-pops at present would be drinks such as Bacardi breeder, WKD and red square. These products are available in a range of flavours and have a volume on average of about 5. 5% alcohol; prices vary depending on where the product is purchased. The product I will be basing my advertising campaign around will be a new range of Alco-pop available in five different florescent flavours and designed to glow in the dark, the product will be un-missable due to the bold colours so I will be using this to my advantage to capture public attention. However my project is new to the market and the brand name and product is unknown, this will make introducing the product difficult therefore the advertising campaign will need to be effective. The audience I am aiming the product at will be young outgoing eighteen to thirty year olds. This age is the younger age of clubbers that will be more willing to experiment with new products on the market where as the older audience will be more set in there way as to what they drink. Also the audience will be drinking in more trendy modern bars and clubs in which I plan to match with the product image. The product will be named â€Å"Gloe† due to its obvious glow in the dark stature, with the name of the product being â€Å"Gloe† and the product being new on the market I need a name that people can remember therefore if they realise the drink glows in the dark the name will relates to the product. I have also removed the â€Å"w† and replaced it with â€Å"e† I have done this to imprint the brand with product recognition. The product will be available in a glass bottle, with the product name stuck on at the front. The label of the product will be mainly transparent with just the letter arrangement of â€Å"Gloe† in bold capital letters. The brand slogan will be â€Å"Gloes through† as this compliments the brand name and I am hoping to relate it in some way to the adverts I will be creating. The image I would like the product to be associated with is that of a new, modern, trendy product with slight individuality, a carefree drink that looks good, tastes great and is the only solution to a healthy night out. For the campaign I will be creating three advertisements one will be a billboard poster another will be an advertisement in a magazine and the third will be a large bus-stop poster. I have chosen these three types of media as the billboard is a large advertisement that is difficult to miss I will be placing it around the city centre where most of the nightlife will be and it will also be busy during daytime. The magazine article will be placed in magazines for men like FHM and women in magazines such as Cosmopolitian, New Look, More and 19 these are the younger trendy magazines that appeal to the target audience of the product and have discovered similar advertisements in these whilst researching. The bus-stop poster will be used as a lot of younger people use public transport due to convience and also the cost of cars and petrol. The poster will be placed in a bus station as they can become extremely busy during everyday rush hour. Each of my adverts will display the product and slogan in the top right hand corner of all of the adverts. The first advert featured in the bus-stop will be a pitch black background with a large bottle of â€Å"Gloe† centred in the foreground. The bottle will have a glowing light around it in one of the florescent colours I will use.

Paper on Carl Sagan’s “Cosmos”

There is a bed in Seattle which is nestled in North America on the spinning Earth led by the Sun around the Milky Way, a speck of cosmic dust floating in the Universe. On this bed Carl Sagan died of an obscure disease for which there is no cure. Carl Sagan is a celebrated writer and astronomer, but most remembered for his writings. Like Galileo he brought the beauty of science to the people. He is the writer of ‘Cosmos', an award winning television mini-series that brought the wonders of astronomy into the home. His last and final work was a collection of his essays; Billions and Billions: Thoughts on Life and Death on the Brink of the Millennium. . Sagan wrote with a sense of awe, humility and reverence of nature. This book is an expression of Sagan's passions for the things around. The book is so varied in topic that it is difficult at times to find a unifying factor. Nor does the book reach any sort of conclusion as to the direction of man and things around him. In this we can understand the true sadness of Sagan's death, he was a child who was overwhelmed by the beauty of the universe around him and had not the time needed to express all of it in words. The book is split into three parts; â€Å"The Power and Beauty of Quantification†, â€Å"What are the Conservatives Conserving? † and â€Å"Where Hearts and Minds Collide†. In the first section Sagan begins by teaches the reader about large numbers and what innovations in the past allowed us to use them. Sagan moves slowly and tactfully building the readers understanding of these basic concepts of large numbers and exponents, then applies them to such problems as exponential growth of populations, radioactive decay and nuclear chain reactions. . He exposes scientific concepts like a traditional narrative. Building ‘the story' to the questions he would most like answered concerning the nature of the universe and extraterrestrial (intelligent or otherwise) life. There is only a slight deviation coherence of this section where Sagan-or the editors- decide to delve into the nature of man's war instinct and whether or not it is good to suppress it or nurture it. Sagan feels that thousands of years of a hunter/gatherer society will not be offset by relatively few years of a sedentary existence. Despite this Sagan maintains an optimistic outlook on humanities destiny, a trend that runs the course of the book. Overall this section is fairly light and enjoyable to read, the concepts early in the section will not overwhelm the reader. Upon finishing the section one is left with a sense of satisfaction, not the confusion associated by the jargon riddled books that plague this genre. In our day, that is today, there are more scientists than there ever was in the past. Tomorrow will bring more still. Scientists by nature are disruptive creatures, there favourite pastime is pacing in back and forth in their laboratories creating theories as to how the clockwork of the universe ticks. Others scientists spend their time trying to disprove each others theories. In doing so changing the nature the universe-there could be nothing more disruptive than that. What then do we do when two scientists, or, two separate herds of them disagree on a theory. We could have them strap on safety goggles, have them butt heads like mountain goats, last scientist standing is correct. Though this sounds amusing, in some circumstances it is not any better than some of systems that exists to test the validity of a theory. A theory by definition can never be proven or become fact, except for mathematical ones. The Scientific method requires of us to perform tedious experiments and to keep concise observations as a means of strengthening a theory This is the inherent problem. If two contradicting theories are both sound then which one do we accept, and to compound the problem; what if the theories were predicting if life on this planet would end in the next year, decade or century. Choosing one over the other now becomes very personal, and scientists might try to resolve their problems with attacks on each others character, each will accuse the other of scare-mongering or being too conservative. This only breeds paranoia and hate for science in the minds of the public. The issues are ozone levels, greenhouse gases, fish stocks and whatever is being leached into your backyard. Sagan address' this issue in the second part of his book. This by far being the strongest and most important part because it affects the each life on our planet. It is interesting that Sagan in his final chapter of this part â€Å"Religion and Science: An Alliance† that Sagan comes to the conclusion that Science and Religion can together work through this problem; Science being the antithesis of Religion, but both-for now- are committed to helping humanity prevail. The third and final part is mixed bag of topics from Americas cold war with Russia, America war with itself, a new view on abortion, morality and Sagan's top three advances in twentieth century existence. Each essay only begins to discuss topics of enormous depth. Sagan in the style that is prevalent throughout the book keeps them all very readable and thought provoking. The essays define so well aspects of the Twentieth century that one gets the feeling that some of them will find their way into the anthologies of the future. In many ways this book is loosely held together. Individual parts hold some unity but the book as a whole does not. This may be because the book was published after Sagans death, lack of matieral or and editors blunder. This should not detract the reader from the importance of this book. In 1994 I spent one month in the country of my ancestors, India. Immediatley I marveled at the advancements in my rural village in the period between a prior visit. Televisions had become widespread, satellites were attached to a quarter of the homes and telephones were now as common as curry. Night fell on my humble village. The nights are pitch black, there are no lamps to illuminate the streets. A problem quickly arises; if you don't know every back alley, every tiny claustrophobic cobble stone street, every pseudo-dead end path (paths that seem to dead ends but if you walk through a Hobbit hole like door, you emerge on to another tiny cobblestone street), you are quickly lost. On top of all of this, the streets are roamed by stray dogs. Attempting to walk across the village, as I did without a flashlight(they attract bandits) is daunting; frightening on the most primitive of levels. To my relief I have learned that since my visit street lamps have been installed in heavily traveled areas. As a western observer I overlooked the technological necessity of my village. By ‘my village' I mean then millions of rural villages in the dozens of countries around the world. All the gadgets that these villages will acquire will not make up for the basic security that a simple low pressure sodium street lamp will provide. These small centers will have to be built up from the ground up with their specific needs in mind. Sadly this has been overlooked by the western ‘guardians' of civilization, the dozens of failed hydroelectric, infrastructure and aid projects are a testament to that. Another sad fact is that our Eastern brothers are fed some of same 500 channel universes that are numbing western man's mind. All the eastern man receives is the ugly consumerism that is the foundation of western man's existence. The need is in education. As the technological need for both these men is distinct so too is their need of education. The western nations feel that democracy is what all nations must have to be fair and right and just and pious. Western man takes a zealous position and feels that democracy should not be strived for but imposed. Overlooking the fact that a successful democracy requires a certain level of education by its people. An education that eastern man does not have. They only man who gains is the western man because he has his thumb firmly over the squirming eastern man's head. Conversely, as the west becomes changed by technology it too will need a new kind of education. Not a kind of education that is provided in the halls of higher education but a kind for the average man. The need for this education is to remedy the phenomenon of scientific myth. Scientific myths are the conceptions that a mass population has as to the limits and powers of science. These myths are most expressed in the realms of pseudo science, advertisements, media and most importantly industry. As I write there is a debate over whether or not genetically altered food is safe or not. Both sides are armed with their infantry of experts and spin doctors. Whether there is real danger in the food is almost not a question anymore, rather this issue is that of public relations. The con side could easily win by playing to the fears of the public, by painting a picture of a Jurassic Garden, where asparagus is more deadly than killer bees. It does not matter which theory is right, the public will not be accepting when it is afraid, no amount of RNA, DNA,G,A,T,C,X Y and Zed will change that. This is where people like Carl Sagan fit in. The power of his writing is its ability to teach the average man of the wonders around him in and easy to understand, non-confrontational manner. From this education we will learn to be critical of science and not shun it. The real progress for both western and eastern man will happen on a personal level and education is its vehicle. We do not judge the progress of a society by measuring the height of their buildings, the strength of their telescopes or grace of their athletes. We measure progress by looking at the individual.