Entrepreneurship and Innovation Plan

Question: Discuss about the Entrepreneurship and Innovation Plan. Answer: Introduction: For the development of effective food connection system, it is necessary to evaluate different requirements of the people. Thus, organization will have to implement survey method so that it can able to identify the best possible way to fulfill all the requirements of the targeted customers (Vuong 2016). As mentioned earlier, organization will focus on the health conscious working people in order to expand their business in an appropriate way. It has been assessed that people are becoming more health conscious. Therefore, it is providing organization huge potential market to expand their business. For that reason, organization will form a questionnaire with a mix of qualitative and quantitative questions so that it can able to identify the market trend in an appropriate way. The questionnaire will be developed on Google form so that it can influence people to share their views in an appropriate way. The organization will select 90 working personnel from Melbourne CBD area, which will include working mothers and single working people for the effective collection of data. Thus, selection of respondents will follow non-probability sampling technique (Espie, Hames and McKinstry 2013). It will utilize email platform to send the questionnaire to the selected personnel. The focus will be on the utilization of internet platform, as majority of the respondents does not have sufficient time that is required for conducting face-to-face interview method. The organization will also utilize combination of qualitative and quantitative questions, as it will help to identify trends as well as different perspectives of the people regarding the kind of quality of food and services they require to lead a healthy life. References: Espie, C.A., Hames, P. and McKinstry, B., 2013. Use of the internet and mobile media for delivery of cognitive behavioral insomnia therapy.Sleep Medicine Clinics,8(3), pp.407-419. Vuong, Q.H., 2016. Survey data on entrepreneursÃâ€" ³ subjective plan and perceptions of the likelihood of success.Data in brief,6, pp.858-864.

The Chinese Zodiac Essay Example For Students

The Chinese Zodiac Essay Even in modern society, this kind of marriage still exerts a great influence and in the following paragraphs, a systematic description of this marriage form will be presented. Finding a partner Marriage was for continuing the ancestral line and creation alliances between families -; too important a duty to be left in the rash hands of the young. 3 This quote shows how important a marriage was regarded. The three basic elements of an arranged marriage in ancient China were the parental sanction, the Matchmaking and the betrothal gifts. Generally speaking, society at that time believed that marriages were obtained by the gods and therefore sacred, as a result this life-changing event was handled with utmost care, so much that the typical Chinese wedding ceremony evolved into an complicated sequence of rites and customs. Major considerations in arranging their childrens marriage were not unlike those of modern-day parents. They would consider the age, status, appearance and wealth of their potential sons- or daughters-in-law. Age: this was one of the first consideration points. We will write a custom essay on The Chinese Zodiac specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The couple should be of marriageable age, meaning mature enough to live as husband and wife and the age difference should not be too big. According to The Rites of Zhou ( ) and The Book of Rites ( ), a mans marriageable age ranged from 20 to 30 years, a womans from 15 to 20 or 23 years, by which they would have reached physical and mental maturity, be self-disciplined and independently responsible. It was common for the husband to be three to five years older than his wife, a 10 to 12 year age difference was probably the limit, since a couple which age differences exceeded this, would fall victim to gossip and ridicule. Yet there were exceptions, for example in the Sui and Tang Dynasties. In these societies scholars were viewed very highly. A scholar had to prepare for and pass the annual imperial examinations in order to become an official in the emperors court and a career would guarantee ones future in terms of wealth, reputation and authority. Aspiring scholars focused much of their attention on their studies and might have to attend the imperial examinations repeatedly, sidestepping the marriage issue year after year until they succeeded. In this way, scholars were far older than their wives. In the Ming (1368 1644 AD) and Qing (1644 1911) Dynasties it was popular for a wife to be slightly older than her husband, since an older girl was more likely to take better care of her parents-in-law and her husband and to better manage household affairs. Status: by the time of the Zhou Dynasty (1027 221B. C. ) marriages were conducted according to social ranks, especially among the reigning classes. For example, a minister in a powerful country could make a marriage alliance with a noble in a weak country, while a prince in a weak country only could marry a senior officials daughter in a powerful country. Appearance: the couples appearance and talents were important factors in a harmonious marriage. In general, a young woman would focus more on her prospective husbands virtue and talent, while a young man would pay more attention to his prospective wifes appearance. This behaviour can still be seen in the modern time China. Wealth: This was an important point of reference in marriages. Two families united by marriage had to present betrothal gifts which were of similar worth. The bridegrooms family expected a good dowry and the brides family expected similar good betrothal gifts. Yet, not all parents were tyrants when it came to deciding their childrens marriages. Some considered their daughters or sons wishes before asserting their authority. However, there were cases of extreme conservative and obstinate parents, which would take complete control of their offsprings marriages even before their birth. Thus arose two abnormal marriage customs: antenatal betrothals and posthumous marriages. In antenatal betrothals, children were engaged to be married even before they were born, which had many disadvantages, for example one of the children could become seriously ill, very poor or work in a faraway place. .udb39695c506c1a03da9befe0e5dcb6d6 , .udb39695c506c1a03da9befe0e5dcb6d6 .postImageUrl , .udb39695c506c1a03da9befe0e5dcb6d6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udb39695c506c1a03da9befe0e5dcb6d6 , .udb39695c506c1a03da9befe0e5dcb6d6:hover , .udb39695c506c1a03da9befe0e5dcb6d6:visited , .udb39695c506c1a03da9befe0e5dcb6d6:active { border:0!important; } .udb39695c506c1a03da9befe0e5dcb6d6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udb39695c506c1a03da9befe0e5dcb6d6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udb39695c506c1a03da9befe0e5dcb6d6:active , .udb39695c506c1a03da9befe0e5dcb6d6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udb39695c506c1a03da9befe0e5dcb6d6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udb39695c506c1a03da9befe0e5dcb6d6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udb39695c506c1a03da9befe0e5dcb6d6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udb39695c506c1a03da9befe0e5dcb6d6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udb39695c506c1a03da9befe0e5dcb6d6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udb39695c506c1a03da9befe0e5dcb6d6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udb39695c506c1a03da9befe0e5dcb6d6 .udb39695c506c1a03da9befe0e5dcb6d6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udb39695c506c1a03da9befe0e5dcb6d6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: At a moments thought we might say yes â€Å" yes it is a caring society and yes I do love my neighbour EssayFor the sake of the social stability, the government banned this practice, but were not able to eradicate it entirely. Posthumous Marriages, also marriages with the death or ghost marriages meant that unmarried young man and women were married in the after world by the arrangement of their living parents. If a son died before marriage, his parents arranged a ghost marriage in order to provide him with children to continue the lineage and give him his own family. 4 Miniature house, furniture and money made out of paper were burnt for the dead in the belief that they would be able to enjoy these material possessions just like the living do. In the Ming and Qing dynasties another type of posthumous marriages arose marriages between the dead and the living. For example, if ones betrothed died before the marriage, the living partner still had to marry the one who had died. If it was the woman who died, her groom had to bring her spirit tablet home in a sedan chair and regard her as his lawful wife. Later he could take a concubine, who would never be given the full status of a rightful, but only his second wife. If it was the man dying before the marriage, his bride had to live a life of a widow at the home of her parents-in-law for the rest of her life after the wedding ceremony. As the practice of monogamous arranged marriages became more widespread, parents sought help from relatives and friends to find possible candidates to marry their child and to carry out background checks. Thus matchmaking came into being and became essential in the wedding procedures. The vast majority of Matchmakers were married women, thus leading credibility to their skill in finding a good match for those intending to get married. Until the present day, the custom of matchmaking has persisted. The matchmakers role was just as important as that of the parents in the arranged marriage. As Confucianism attained a dominant position in the social ideology, restrictions on contact between unmarried men and women became stricter. This way, appearance, disposition and proficiency in needlework were unknown to the people outside the family. Matchmakers had contact with many families and therefore knew everything about these families, like social status and relationships, their childrens physical appearance, dispositions and so on. Since marriages were arranged based on considerations of those, a matchmaker was necessary for the parents to learn more about prospective sons- or daughters-in-law. According to The Rites of Zhou ( ), official and private matchmakers existed before the Qin Dynasty. Official matchmakers provided legal recognition of a marriage. Later on, private matchmakers became popular and had the same authority as the official ones. Engagement Traditionally, the matchmaker delivered the proposal from the bridegrooms side with which the discussion about weddings began. Before the Qin Dynasty (221 207 BC) people would offer a wild goose as a gift, as some people regarded those as punctual and honest birds. Others considered them as a symbol of a lasting marriage as they only have one mate throughout their lives. Yet, from the Qin and Han dynasties, the gifts changed. The family would for example send a bouquet of lilies or domesticated ducks or geese instead of a wild goose. If the girls family was satisfied with what the matchmaker presented them, they would accept the gift; otherwise they would politely reject the offer. Once the gift was accepted, the matchmaker would report the news to the bridegrooms family, who then would ask the matchmaker to take another gift to the girls family in exchange for detailed information of the brides family, including the parents family names, the brides name, whether the girl has siblings and her exact time of birth. It was usually written on a piece of red paper. The compatibility of the marrying couple was analyzed with the help of a chart of the couples eight characters. .ue6e4e2d27a5b6356b3cd70f3563bf279 , .ue6e4e2d27a5b6356b3cd70f3563bf279 .postImageUrl , .ue6e4e2d27a5b6356b3cd70f3563bf279 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue6e4e2d27a5b6356b3cd70f3563bf279 , .ue6e4e2d27a5b6356b3cd70f3563bf279:hover , .ue6e4e2d27a5b6356b3cd70f3563bf279:visited , .ue6e4e2d27a5b6356b3cd70f3563bf279:active { border:0!important; } .ue6e4e2d27a5b6356b3cd70f3563bf279 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue6e4e2d27a5b6356b3cd70f3563bf279 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue6e4e2d27a5b6356b3cd70f3563bf279:active , .ue6e4e2d27a5b6356b3cd70f3563bf279:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue6e4e2d27a5b6356b3cd70f3563bf279 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue6e4e2d27a5b6356b3cd70f3563bf279 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue6e4e2d27a5b6356b3cd70f3563bf279 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue6e4e2d27a5b6356b3cd70f3563bf279 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue6e4e2d27a5b6356b3cd70f3563bf279:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue6e4e2d27a5b6356b3cd70f3563bf279 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue6e4e2d27a5b6356b3cd70f3563bf279 .ue6e4e2d27a5b6356b3cd70f3563bf279-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue6e4e2d27a5b6356b3cd70f3563bf279:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Ancient Roman Laws EssayFortune-tellers played an important role in this, as they could determine a persons eight characters based on astrological calculations. The families of the couple who intended to get married would take the detailed birth information about the prospective couple to the fortune teller to see if their eight characters were in harmony. If their birth information matched properly, it meant that they would have good luck in their marriage; otherwise the pairing would be unsuitable and would bring harm to the couple and their families. The compatibility of the Chinese Zodiac Signs of the couple also was important. There were many superstitious beliefs based on Chinese zodiac compatibility, for example, in the northern part of China, a girl born in the year of the goat was considered harmful, because she could bring an early death to her husband. In order to get a good match, the families of those girls would disguise the information. The taboos revolving around the compatibility varied. For instance, in some places, a person born in the year of the snake should not be married to a person born in the year of a dragon, because both are aggressive animals. After the parents had compared the couples birth information, the pre-wedding procedures could go ahead if the results were good. The bridegrooms family would inform the brides family about the good result of the comparison and ask them to fix the time of the wedding. The parents on both sides arranged meetings in order to exchange more information on the couple and to get to know each other. No matter when or where they met, the Matchmaker would stay with them and introduce the two sides. After the brides parents agreed to the marriage, the bridegrooms side would offer betrothal gifts.

Analysis Of The Immigration Problem Essays - Demography, Population

Analysis Of The Immigration Problem Essays - Demography, Population Analysis of the Immigration Problem The world has gone through a revolution and it has changed a lot. We have cut the death rates around the world with modern medicine and new farming methods. For example, we sprayed to destroy mosquitoes in Sri Lanka in the 1950s. In one year, the average life of everyone in Sri Lanka was extended by eight years because the number of people dying from malaria suddenly declined. This was a great human achievement. But we cut the death rate without cutting the birth rate. Now population is soaring. There were about one billion people living in the world when the Statue of Liberty was built. There are 4.5 billion today. World population is growing at an enormous rate. The world is going to add a billion people in the next eleven years, that's 224,000 every day! Experts say there will be at least 1.65 billion more people living in the world in the next twenty years. We must underezd what these numbers mean for the U.S. Let's look at the question of jobs. The International Labor organization projects a twenty-year increase of 600 to 700 million people who will be seeking jobs. Eighty-eight percent of the world's population growth takes place in the Third World. More than a billion people today are paid about 150 dollars a year, which is less than the average American earns in a week. And growing numbers of these poorly paid Third World citizens want to come to the United States. In the 1970s, all other countries that accept immigrants started controlling the number of people they would allow into their countries. The United States did not. This means that the huge numbers of immigrants who are turned down elsewhere will turn to the United States. The number of immigrants is staggering. The human suffering they represent is a nightmare. Latin America's population is now 390 million people. It will be 800 million in the year 2025. Mexico's population has tripled since the Second World War. One third of the population of Mexico is under ten years of age, as a result, in just ten years, Mexico's unemployment rate will increase 30 percent, as these children become young adults, in search of work. There were in 1990 an estimated four million illegal aliens in the United States, and about 55 percent of them were from Mexico. These people look to the United States. Human population has always moved, like waves, to fresh lands. But for the first time in human history, there are no fresh lands, no new continents. We will have to think and decide with great care what our policy should be toward immigration. At this point in history, American immigration policies are in a mess. Our borders are totally out of control. Our border patrol arrests 3000 illegal immigrants per day, or 1.2 million per year, and Two illegal immigrants get in for every one caught. And those caught just try again! More than 1 million people are entering the U.S. legally every year. From 1983 through 1992, 8.7 million of these newcomers arrived-the highest number in any 10-year period since 1910. A record 1.8 million were granted permanent residence in 1991. Because present law stresses family unification, these arrivals can bring over their spouses, sons and daughters: some 3.5 million are now in line to come in. Once here, they can bring in their direct relatives. As a result, there exists no visible limit to the number of legal entries. Until a few years ago, immigrants seeking asylum were rare. In 1975, a total of 200 applications were received in the U.S. Suddenly, asylum is the plea of choice in the U.S., and around the world, often as a cover for economic migration. U.S. applications were up to 103,000 last year, and the backlog tops 300,000 cases. Under the present asylum rules, practically anyone who declares that he or she is fleeing political oppression has a good chance to enter the U.S. Chinese are almost always admitted, for example, if they claim that China's birth-control policies have limited the number of children they can have. Right now, once aliens enter the U.S., it is almost impossible to deport

Public Meeting Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Public Meeting Paper - Assignment Example The meeting was arranged to explain new regulations and provide answers to questions about them. Most local government officials voluntarily select to seek the public’s input with regard to the development of legislation. The meetings I attended at the Tempe City Council in Arizona was aimed at accomplishing their core aim of giving citizens the opportunity to directly influence decisions made by the governing bodies. I came to find out that during the conduction of regular City Council meetings and Issue Review Sessions, they are broadcasted live on Tempe Channel 11 which is the City’s government access channel. As noted by Sharp, Smith and Patton (pp.2-4) people tend to more readily accept government policies if they had a role in its development. The City Council’s public meeting serves a very crucial democratic function by offering the citizens with the opportunity to convey information to officials, to set up future agendas, attracting the attention of the m edia, persuade public opinion, and delay decisions as well as communicating with the other citizens. So as to ensure that the meeting goes on smoothly as witnessed at Tempe City Council you require utmost planning for the meeting. First, determine the purpose of the meeting. The meeting was intended to inform, consult and involve the general public. The objective of the meeting needs to be reiterated at the commencement of the meeting in order to set parameters for those in attendance. Second, you need to create a relationship with participants in advance. The inclusion of diverse citizens who possess significant interest in the outcome of the meeting ensures that relevant information about the specific issue is not overlooked. Thirdly, before conducting any meeting a draft agenda needs to be developed. The real agenda to be followed was prepared by the City Clerk. The City Council agenda are publicly posted at least 24 hours before the meeting. On that particular day, the Tempe Cit y Council had the following in their agenda. (1)The miscellaneous items included: approval of Maryanne Corder Neighborhood Grant Program to the tune of $150,000 to home owners and neighborhoods; approval for the amendment of Magellan Health Service of Arizona; and finally, holding a public hearing to recommend the approval of a Series 01 in the government’s liquor license designated for Lipsmark LLC among many others. (2) Award of bids or contracts, such as approving the use of a one year state of Arizona contract with Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company for the acquisition of tires and tubes and award of a construction contract to AJP Electric to enhance the intersection at Broadway Road and Priest Drive. (3) Ordinances and item for first hearing which included the introducing and holding first public hearing to adopt an ordinance allowing partial abandonment of storm drainage easement situated near 2150 East Warmer Road. (4) Ordinances and items for second hearing. (5) Resolut ions: adoption of a resolution to permit the Mayor to effect an agreement between the Tempe City and Slat River Pima Maricopa Indian Community as well as an agreement between Arizona State and Tempe Police Department to accept federal grant funds for impaired driver alcohol

How is Jesus described in Matthew's Gospel as the fulfillment of Essay

How is Jesus described in Matthew's Gospel as the fulfillment of Jewish hope - Essay Example In addition, he expected, in some respects that the gentiles would adhere to some aspects of the Torah beyond the laws that were formed for status or social distinction. Therefore, any portrayal in the 1st century of Jesus, obviously, would reflect Jesus as a Jew as was the case. However, it is the Gospel of Matthew, among all the other Gospels, that stresses the Jewish origins of Jesus. In the Gospel of Matthew, it is evident that Jesus is the ultimate fulfillment of the scriptures of the Jews in more than a dozen citations of fulfillment. Matthew starts by presenting Him as David’s son and an anointed king. Jesus, in the Gospel of Matthew, is presented as the new coming of Moses, for example, in the birth narrative. In the Sermon on the Mount, Matthew alludes to the continued theme contending that Jesus was the prophet whom the Jews had been expecting like Moses, and this is addressed in Matthew chapters 5 to 73. Here, Jesus continues to affirm the validity of the Torah to h is followers. He exemplifies that his intention is not to abolish Moses’ law or the earlier prophets but that he had arrived to fulfill them. He also claims that not an iota will pass from the Torah until it is accomplished in its totality. Jesus also teaches that anyone who relaxes these laws, even the least of them, and causes other men to do so will be the least in heaven and vice versa. He finishes by stating that unless the righteousness of his followers exceeds the Pharisees and scribes, they will not see heaven. The followers of Jesus, therefore, were required to obey the Torah in a manner that was better than the Pharisees were. The Pharisees had a reputation, both in the Gospels and outside it for following the Torah carefully in their everyday life beyond what was practiced by other Jews4. This comes through as a key to the elucidation of the following material that Jesus quotes Moses’ law and interprets the law in a manner, which affirms in the strongest ter ms the laws’ original intent as Jesus in the Gospel of Matthew comprehended it. These do not seek to replace Moses’ law but, instead, present a radicalization of why God gave the laws in the view of Matthew. Some of those in the community that Matthew wrote the Gospel for, as well as Matthew himself, evidently went on placing importance on adhering to the Jewish law and continue being Jewish in this manner5. The Gospel of Matthew was written around the year 80-85 CE, which was about twenty years following the death of the apostle6. It is, therefore, clear that another person and it wrote this Gospel is likely that this person was trained in the law of the Jews as Matthew was. As with the rest of the Gospels, Matthew possesses a unique perspective since it interprets Jesus’ life for a specific audience. Matthew’s first readers constituted of Jews and Christian converts, who previously gentiles were living in Antioch. The first Christians were converts from Judaism, although when the church began to accept gentiles, conflicts abounded. For instance, they had to decide whether the later converts would be required to convert to Judaism first on being accepted into the Christian faith7. The argument was as to whether they would have to observe traditional customs of the Jews and follow the Law of Moses. The argument also

The Reciprocating Pump Engineering Essay

The Reciprocating Pump Engineering Essay A pump is a mechanical device which helps to move fluids including liquids or gases. It is basically a hydraulic machine which converts the mechanical energy to the hydraulic energy. The hydraulic energy is been present in form of the pressure energy. There are various types of pumps such as positive displacement pumps, velocity pumps, Buoyancy pumps, Impulse pumps. The various different pumps are also been sub-classified in various other pumps. Positive Displacement pumps are one of the most commonly used pumps. They are sub-divided in to Reciprocating and Rotary pumps. Typical types of the Reciprocating pumps are Plunger pumps and Diaphragm Pumps. The Plunger pump is also known as Piston Pumps. The Reciprocating Pumps are highly efficient pumps which are even suitable for the very high heads at low flows. It is a self priming type of pump as it can draw the fluid from the level below the suction flange if the suction pipe is not evacuated. There should be a smooth flow required for achieving a good efficiency (Chinnuraj, 2009). The complete system is based on the design of the pump. The head of cylinder is been mounted with suction and discharge valves. The fluid enters the pump through the suction valve and goes out threw the discharge valve. In suction stroke, suction valve opens when the plunger retracts. The liquid gets pushes out of the discharge valve in the forward stroke. Reciprocating system has a pulsating discharge and it totally depend on the speed of the pump which can be easily altered. The intake of the fluid in the pump is always at a constant volume. They are often used for slurry and sludge. There are various different designs from rest of the pumps. The design containing single-acting motion discharges fluid from only one side of the piston. There is only one suction and discharge per revolution of the crank shaft. The other design is the double-acting piston design where the suction and the discharge occurs on the either side of the piston resulting in double suction and double discharge per revolution of crack shaft. Classification of PD Pump Positive Displacement pump are been classified as follows: Positive Displacement Pump Rotary Pump Single Rotor -Vane -Piston -Flexible -Member Screw -Simplex -Duplex -Triplex -Multiplex -Simplex -Duplex Double Acting Single Acting Diaphragm Piston Plunger Reciprocating Pump Simplex Multiplex Multi Rotor -Gear Lobe Circumferential Piston -Screw (Gates, 2010) Working Principle of Reciprocating Pump The working principle of the Reciprocating pump is very simple; it operates on the principle that a volume of liquid would be displaced by solid equal to its own volume. The mechanical energy is been converted in to the pressure energy and takes place due to the suction of the liquid into the cylinder in which the piston is having a reciprocating motion (linear motion-threw and fore). This exerts the thrust on the fluid and hydraulic energy gets increased gradually. In single acting reciprocating pumps, a single piston moves forward and backward in a closed tight cylinder. The linear motion of the piston in the cylinder is been given by connecting piston to the crank with the help of a connecting rod. An electric motor is been used to give motion to the crank and the rotary motion is been converted to the linear motion by the help of the connecting rod. The working principle is somewhat similar to the car engines where the piston has the same movement threw some similar kind of motio ns. In Reciprocating Pump, the suction valve allows the fluid to enter where as the discharge valve tends to discharge it from the cylinder (Chinnuraj, 2009). http://www.lcresources.com/resources/getstart/pump.gif Fig 01: Working Principle of Reciprocating Pump (Getting Started in HPLC, 2001) Types of Reciprocating Pumps The Reciprocating Pumps are usually classified as follows: Direct or Indirect acting Simplex (single) or duplex (double) Single   acting   or   double   acting High pressure or low pressure The direct acting pumps are one of the most common type of pump been used. It is been known so as in the particular design the pump rod is a direct extension of the piston rod in which the lower end is been directly connected to the piston in the cylinder. Single and Double action pumps is as mentioned earlier. Single action has a single suction and a single discharge per revolution and Double action pump has two suctions and discharges per revolution. Applications Reciprocating Pumps have a very large contribution to the society with plenty of uses. They are been used for no. of small and large applications including irrigation, chemical movement, sewage movement, flood control and marine applications and even many more. Designing factors like size and type of pump depends on the usage. They are been used in various purposes such as: High pressure jets: The purpose of pumps used is producing a direct high jet pressure of the fluid. The inlet flow is at a constant flow and pressure but the discharge at a high velocity and therefore results to high amount of pressure. Chemical Injection: The Reciprocating Pumps are even used in the chemical industry where they need to inject the chemical in a certain flow or pressure. It is been used at very high precise and accuracy Irrigation: The pump is usually used in farms and gardens to distribute water throughout equally and automatically without any sort of manual efforts. Sewage movement: The pump are been used to move the slurry or sewage material in a very easy and automatic way. The main advantage is the time constraint. It takes very less time as well as it is very cheap compared to other techniques. Marine application: The vast amount of usage is being the marine sector where they need to use water movement from one part to other through a pump. The pump is very easy and compact source of product which can be installed very easily and without any maintenance in future. In marine field pump is used for: Lubricating oil transfer Fuel oil transfer Auxiliary circulating and condensate. Domestic uses: Reciprocating pump is even used as domestic purposes. In olden days it was very common to use a hand pump which was a type of reciprocating pump with help of which we can pull the underground water for various purposes such as home usage, irrigation, construction, small scale industry and many more. Discharge and Pressure Characteristics The working principle and the characteristic is been keenly observed earlier. It is been very easy to analyse the discharge and pressure constraints of reciprocating pumps. The discharge of the reciprocating pump is not uniform and stable. The discharge characteristic depends on: Head flow of fluid Fluid density Speed of reciprocating piston Pump size and design The discharge is completely non-uniform and throttling. The pulsating property of the discharge fluid is seen. This is because the piston moves at a high velocity hitting the fluid out wards and the hitting of the piston is not a continuous act which can give a uniform pressure outlet. Despite of vital use, the reciprocating pump still encounter pulsating pressure which is been seen at the suction and discharge lines. This pulsating feature is result of the interaction between unstable flow of fluid and the dynamic characteristics of the fluid particles. Pressure pulsating in the suction line can lead to the cavitation, either in the line itself or in the cylinder chamber. If cavitation is been experienced at the start of the piston stroke than the piston loading and the crank assembly can fail. Because of all this factors it reduces the life of the pump and also affects the safety conditions (K A Edge, 1997) Pump Performance and Efficiency The head of flow against which the pump works is called total head, H. The total head of the pump is the energy imparted to the liquid by the pump. H = hd hg Therefore, the effective head of a pump is expressed by the following equation: H = Equation 1 (Sorensen, 1969) This design principle of the pump work similarly as that of the turbines. The energy of supplied to the pump by the rotating shaft to move the piston inside the cylinder, in terms of bhp: Energy, e = = The capacity of the pump is proportional to its displacement per unit time, D. Assuming 100% of the hydraulic efficiency of the pump, the displacement of the pump is calculated. The displacement is the calculated capacity of pump which is proportional to: Cross-sectional area of piston, A Length of the stroke, S No. of cylinders, n Pump speed in rpm (gallons per minute) D = (A ÃÆ'- S ÃÆ'- n ÃÆ'- rpm) / 231 In case of double acting pumps, the cross sectional area is twice to be taken in to account from which the cross sectional area of piston rod (a) is subtracted. In double acting pumps, D = ((2A a) ÃÆ'- S ÃÆ'- n ÃÆ'- rpm) / 231 The volumetric efficiency of the pump is expresses in terms of percentage. It is directly proportional to the ratio of the total discharge volume to piston displacement. The ratio (r) is equal to (c + d)/d where: D = volume displaced by piston C = Additional volume between the discharge and suction valves. So it is clearly seen that smaller the ratio, the volumetric efficiency is tend to be better. Mathematically it is expressed as: VE = 1 (P ÃÆ'- b ÃÆ'- r ) S Where P is pressure B is the liquid compressibility factor R is volume ratio S is the slip. (Joe Evans, 2004) Losses in Reciprocating Pump There are various losses which are been encountered in the pump such as: Frictional losses Head losses Heat transfer losses The various losses occur due to the friction and the movement of the fluid. It depends on the head flow of fluid, density of the fluid, piston speed and the fluid suction capacity as well as discharge. There are lots of constraints been involved here, but it simply can be minimised but not 100% avoided. Advantages Easy in working Inexpensive Compact and Easy to install Low maintenance Works at high speed and at low power Disadvantages The major disadvantage of the reciprocating pump is that it has a discontinuous discharge flow which with variable pressure and hence it adversely affects the potential of the pump usage. There are various techniques been used to minimise the pulsating feature but it still tend to create problems. There are some technical ways used to minimise it by using sensors or throttle valves which keeps the discharge pressure uniform, but it does affect the overall flow and creates a kind of friction to the overall discharge pressure. Secondly, it has a disadvantage that it is prone to flow separation at the lowest pressure point in the system. The design of the system is such that this problem would be there and cannot be solved. The various different tries and practical experiments to minimise it would not work till the design is not thoroughly changed. In spite of all this disadvantages it is still a very useful product and widely used.

If the Coat Fits Wear It Essay

The Oceanic Corporation, a Chesapeake, VA based company, was established in 1994. Glenn Rodgers III founded the corporation, which was privately owned at the time, after his retirement from Norentech Corporation. The Oceanic Corporation was originally formed to provide ship repair services and quickly earned a Department of Defense (DOD) certified Alteration Boat Repair (ABR) designation. Among its specialties were structural welding, piping system installation and repairs, electrical, painting, rigging, machinery and dry-lock work, as well as custom sheet metal fabrication. Other divisions of The Oceanic included Habitability Installation, Industrial Contracting, and Alteration/Installation Teams (AIT). With its initial success and good return on investment the firm opened and operated facilities in California, New Jersey, Florida, Maryland, Pennsylvania and Washington. In 1998, the company went public and its initial public offering was very successful. The stock price had risen from its initial value of $10 to its current level of $35 per share. There were currently 5 million shares outstanding. In 1999, the company issued 30-year bonds at par, with a face value of $1000 and a coupon rate of 10% per year, and managed to raise $40 million for expansion. Currently, the AA-rated bonds had 25 years left until maturity and were being quoted at 91.5% of par. Over the past year, the Oceanic Corporation utilized a new method for fabricating composite materials that the firm’s engineers had developed. In June of last year, management established the Advanced Materials Group (AM Group), which was dedicated to pursuing this technology. The firm recruited Larry Stone, a senior engineer, to head the AM Group. Larry also had an MBA from a prestigious university under his belt. Upon joining Oceanic, Larry realized that most projects were being approved on a â€Å"gut feel† approach. There were no formal acceptance criteria in place. Up until then, the company had been lucky in that most of its projects had been well selected and it had benefited from good relationships with clients and suppliers. â€Å"This has to change,† said Larry to his assistant Stephanie, â€Å"we can’t possibly be this lucky forever. We need to calculate the firm’s hurdle rate and use it in the future.† Stephanie Phillips, who had great admiration for the boss, replied, â€Å"Yes, Larry, why don’t I crunch the numbers and give them to you within the next couple of days?† â€Å"That sounds great, Stephanie,† said Larry. â€Å"My years of experience tell me that when it comes to the hurdle rate for new projects, one size hardly ever fits it all!† As Stephanie began looking at the financial statements, she realized that she was going to make some assumptions. First, she assumed that she assumed that the new debt would cost about the same as the yield on outstanding debt and would have the same rating. Second, she assumed that the firm would continue raising capital for future projects by using the same target proportions as determined by the book values of debt and equity (see Table 1 for recent balance sheet). Third, she assumed that the equity beta (1.5) would be the same for all the divisions. Fourth, she assumed that the growth rates of earnings and dividends would continue at their historical rate (see Table 2, for earnings and dividend history). Fifth, she assumed that the corporate tax rate would be 34% and finally, she assumed that the flotation cost for debt would be 5% of the issue price and that for equity would be 10% of selling price. The 1-year Treasury bill yield was 4% and the expected rate of return on the market portfolio was 10%.